Accord bilatéral pour le développement et le renforcement des relations entre Soudan et Tchad (Accord de Riyad)

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Country/entity: Chad
Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Accord bilatéral pour le développement et le renforcement des relations entre Soudan et Tchad (Accord de Riyad)
Date: 3 May 2007
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Interstate/interstate conflict
Chadian Conflicts (1966 - )
The political history of Chad has been defined by ethno-religious conflict following independence from France in 1960, particularly between the Islamic north and the Christian and animist south. Although prevalent during the colonial era, this became particularly apparent under Tombalbaye during his 15-year rule (1960-1975), which saw mass discrimination against the Muslim northern and central regions. In 1966, the Islamist National Liberation Front on Chad (FROLINAT) was formed, but the movement was defined by factionalism and in-fighting, often encouraged by Libyan government policies, until the civil war ended in 1993. In 1975 Tombalbaye was killed during a coup, and the country reverted to military rule. Constant pressure from the various FROLINAT factions, however, caused then-ruler General Felix Malloum to align himself with Hissene Habre, a rebel leader formerly-aligned with FROLINAT, but then-commander of the Forces Armées du Nord (FAN). In 1978, Libyan troops also occupied the Aouzou Strip (See Libyan-Chadian Conflict). Meanwhile, Habre’s FROLINAT competitor, Goukouni Oueddei, gathered the majority of the northern insurgent factions, and the ensuing civil war between 11 factions eroded the capabilities of the state. In 1979, the Lagos Accords created a unity government (GUNT) that briefly convened the factions, but infighting between Habre and Goukouni’s forces broke out soon after.

Habre finally gained control of N’Djamena in 1982, but faced continuing insurgent pressure from GUNT. This changed in the mid-1980s when all forces in Chad aligned themselves against the Libyan occupation and expelled them from Chad. Infighting in Habre’s regime, meanwhile, saw the defection of General Idriss Deby to Sudan, where he launched a Zaghawa campaign against the President and took the capital in December 1990 with Libyan-backing. Deby was announced President in early 1991, and to ease fighting he announced elections, which he won, in 1996. A number of short-lived peace deals were signed with several rebel factions in 1997, but fighting continued. In 2003, an influx of over 200,000 refugees from Darfur complicated the matter further, and in 2005 Chad declared war on Sudan, which was backing the Chadian rebel group, Rally for Democracy and Liberty. A series of battles ensued across Chad culminating in the Battle of N’Djamena in 2008. The latest war ended in 2010 with a peace accord signed between Sudan and Chad.

In 2021, the FACT (Front pour l’Alternance et la Concorde au Tchad: Front for Change and Concord in Chad) attacked the Chadian military on the eve of presidential elections. President Idriss Déby was killed in the attack, and the army formed a Transitional Military Council (TMC).
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Territory
Peace process: Chad-Sudan Agreements
Parties: - The Republic of Sudan
- The government of the Republic of Chad

Omar Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir, President of the Republic of Sudan
Idriss Deby ITNO, President of the Republic of Chad
Third parties: In presence of servitor of the two holy places, the King Abdullah Bin, Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Kingdom
Description: This agreement is about the reaffirmation of respect of previous agreements (in particular the Tripoli Agreement but also other bilateral or multilateral agreements) and non-interference in each other’s affairs. The aim is to normalise relations and the situation between the two countries and stop supporting armed movements opposed to the other state.

Agreement document: SD_TD_070503_Accord bilateral Soudan Tchad (Accord de Riyadh)_tr.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
Starting with the wish of the government of the Republic of Sudan and the government of the Republic of Chad (referred to below as the two parties) to strengthen the links of fraternal friendship between the two countries, and to strengthen the historical ties between these brother nations in every domain;
Undertaking to respect the principles of neighbourly relations, of non-interference in the interior affairs of other countries, and the resolution of conflicts by peaceful means;

Page 1-2, Article (3):
The two parties undertake to do the following:
a. Respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the other party, and avoid interference in the internal affairs of the other.
b. Prohibit the use of territory in either country to receive, mobilise, train, allow the passage or supply of armed movements against the other party; or the provision of any form of material or moral support to these movements, and to endeavour to remove them from the territory of the two countries.
c. Support the political and security efforts of the African Union, in order to re-establish stability in the province of Darfur and on the borders between the two countries, by applying the Darfur peace agreements.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: Page 1, Article (2):
The two parties undertake to work sincerely and seriously in order to develop and strengthen political, economic and social relations between the two countries, and to work actively for this purpose using official and informal channels in each country.

Page 1-2, Article (3):
The two parties undertake to do the following:
...
b. Prohibit the use of territory in either country to receive, mobilise, train, allow the passage or supply of armed movements against the other party; or the provision of any form of material or moral support to these movements, and to endeavour to remove them from the territory of the two countries.
c. Support the political and security efforts of the African Union, in order to re-establish stability in the province of Darfur and on the borders between the two countries, by applying the Darfur peace agreements.

Page 2, Article (6):
The two parties agree to cooperate and to work jointly in order to develop and consolidate relations between border regions, particularly in the economic and health domains; and in general in cross border commerce, the control of epidemics, transport and communications; by establishing structures and protocols to this effect.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 2, Article (6):
The two parties agree to cooperate and to work jointly in order to develop and consolidate relations between border regions, particularly in the economic and health domains; and in general in cross border commerce, the control of epidemics, transport and communications; by establishing structures and protocols to this effect.
Rights related issues→Media and communication→Other
Page 2, Article (5):
The two parties agree to jointly develop and consolidate economic and social relations between the two countries in the best interests of the two brother nations; in this regard the two parties undertake to open direct channels of communication between those in charge in the two countries, and to encourage both official and private contacts, particularly between businessmen and investors; to conclude agreements and protocols to this effect, and anything else necessary for common cooperation.
Mobility/access: Page 2, Article (6):
The two parties agree to cooperate and to work jointly in order to develop and consolidate relations between border regions, particularly in the economic and health domains; and in general in cross border commerce, the control of epidemics, transport and communications; by establishing structures and protocols to this effect.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: Page 2, Article (5):
The two parties agree to jointly develop and consolidate economic and social relations between the two countries in the best interests of the two brother nations; in this regard the two parties undertake to open direct channels of communication between those in charge in the two countries, and to encourage both official and private contacts, particularly between businessmen and investors; to conclude agreements and protocols to this effect, and anything else necessary for common cooperation.

Page 2, Article (6):
The two parties agree to cooperate and to work jointly in order to develop and consolidate relations between border regions, particularly in the economic and health domains; and in general in cross border commerce, the control of epidemics, transport and communications; by establishing structures and protocols to this effect.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1-2, Article (3):
The two parties undertake to do the following:
...
c. Support the political and security efforts of the African Union, in order to re-establish stability in the province of Darfur and on the borders between the two countries, by applying the Darfur peace agreements
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 2, Article (4):
The two parties reiterate their commitment to making every effort necessary for full implementation of the Tripoli Agreement, in particular in relation to the activities of the High Military Committee which the parties agreed to set up on August 28, 2006, and to take those concrete measures necessary for its activation.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: The two parties undertake to do the following:
...
b. Prohibit the use of territory in either country to receive, mobilise, train, allow the passage or supply of armed movements against the other party; or the provision of any form of material or moral support to these movements, and to endeavour to remove them from the territory of the two countries.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: In presence of servitor of the two holy places, the King Abdullah Bin, Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Kingdom
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1-2, Article (3):
The two parties undertake to do the following:
...
c. Support the political and security efforts of the African Union, in order to re-establish stability in the province of Darfur and on the borders between the two countries, by applying the Darfur peace agreements.

Page 2, Article (7):
The two parties undertake to work and cooperate with the African Union and the United Nations to find a durable solution to the conflict in Darfur and in the east of Chad, to achieve peace and stability in the interests of all.
Enforcement mechanism: The parties agree to cooperate with the AU and the UN to find a durable solution to the conflict in Darfur and the east of Chad and to achieve peace and stability for all.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://peacemaker.un.org/

Bilateral Agreement for the Development and Strengthening of Relations between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of Chad

Starting with the wish of the government of the Republic of Sudan and the government of the Republic of Chad (referred to below as the two parties) to strengthen the links of fraternal friendship between the two countries, and to strengthen the historical ties between these brother nations in every domain;

Undertaking to respect the principles of neighbourly relations, of non-interference in the interior affairs of other countries, and the resolution of conflicts by peaceful means;

Conscious of the destructive effects of armed conflicts on security, stability and development efforts in the two countries;

Taking into account the objectives and principles of the Constitutive Act of the African Union;

Responding to the generous initiative and sincere efforts of the Custodian of the two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz;

The two parties emphasise their agreement to the following articles:

Article (1)

The two parties reiterate their complete commitment to respecting the agreements signed between them, both bilateral and multilateral, notably the Tripoli Agreement signed on February 8 2006, as well as the commitments made or foreseen in the minutes of bilateral and multilateral meetings, for the purpose of implementing the Tripoli Agreement, and normalising the situation between Sudan and Chad.

Article (2)

The two parties undertake to work sincerely and seriously in order to develop and strengthen political, economic and social relations between the two countries, and to work actively for this purpose using official and informal channels in each country.

Article (3)

The two parties undertake to do the following:

Respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the other party, and avoid interference in the internal affairs of the other.

Prohibit the use of territory in either country to receive, mobilise, train, allow the passage or supply of armed movements against the other party;

or the provision of any form of material or moral support to these movements, and to endeavour to remove them from the territory of the two countries.

Support the political and security efforts of the African Union, in order to re-establish stability in the province of Darfur and on the borders between the two countries, by applying the Darfur peace agreements.

Article (4)

The two parties reiterate their commitment to making every effort necessary for full implementation of the Tripoli Agreement, in particular in relation to the activities of the High Military Committee which the parties agreed to set up on August 28, 2006, and to take those concrete measures necessary for its activation.

Article (5)

The two parties agree to jointly develop and consolidate economic and social relations between the two countries in the best interests of the two brother nations;

in this regard the two parties undertake to open direct channels of communication between those in charge in the two countries, and to encourage both official and private contacts, particularly between businessmen and investors;

to conclude agreements and protocols to this effect, and anything else necessary for common cooperation.

Article (6)

The two parties agree to cooperate and to work jointly in order to develop and consolidate relations between border regions, particularly in the economic and health domains;

and in general in cross border commerce, the control of epidemics, transport and communications;

by establishing structures and protocols to this effect.

Article (7)

The two parties undertake to work and cooperate with the African Union and the United Nations to find a durable solution to the conflict in Darfur and in the east of Chad, to achieve peace and stability in the interests of all.

Article (8)

This agreement enters into effect upon signature by both parties.

Drafted in the month of Rabi II of the year Hegire 1428 Corresponding to the month of May 2007

Signatures

Omar Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir, President of the Republic of Sudan Idriss Deby ITNO, President of the Republic of Chad

In presence of servitor of the two holy places, the King Abdullah Bin, Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Kingdom