Agreement between the Government of The Sudan and Government of Southern Sudan on Border Security and the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Country/entity: South Sudan
Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement between the Government of The Sudan and Government of Southern Sudan on Border Security and the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Date: 29 Jun 2011
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Interstate/intrastate conflict(s)
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Implementation/renegotiation
Conflict nature: Territory
Peace process: North - South Sudan secession process
Parties: Ali Ahmed Hamid, Government of the Sudan; Lt. Gen Salva Mathok, Government of Southern Sudan
Third parties: Witnessed by: Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, African Union High Level Implementation Panel
Description: A short agreement by the parties that provides for measures on border security by reaffirming the Security Cluster Agreement on the Joint Political and Security Mechanism (JPSM) and the Joint Position Paper on Security, as well as establishing a Safe Demilitarised Border Zone (SDBZ) to be monitored by the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) on a renewable six month basis. Furthermore, the Parties request the AU and the UN to support the agreement and its implementation.

Agreement document: SD_110629_Agreement between GoS and GoSS on Border Security and JPSM.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: Page 1-2, 2. The Parties shall establish a Safe Demilitarised Border Zone (SDBZ, formerly 'Common Border Zone'), where the forces of the two Parties shall be redeployed 10 Kilometres outside from the north/south 1/1/1956 borderline, pending the resolution of the status of disputed border areas and the final demarcation of the border. This shall take effect by D-Day + 10 Days. The administrative common border line shall be used for those areas which are disputed. The Technical Boundary Demarcation Committee shall provide the required maps. The JPSM with other agreed associated security mechanisms shall be operationalised before 9 July 2011 until normal relationships prevail between the two sovereign States.

Page 2, 4. [...] The intent is to:
-Assist, facilitate and help to protect the demarcation teams within the SDBZ as requested by the JPSM.
Cross-border provision: Page 1-2, 2. The Parties shall establish a Safe Demilitarised Border Zone (SDBZ, formerly 'Common Border Zone'), where the forces of the two Parties shall be redeployed 10 Kilometres outside from the north/south 1/1/1956 borderline, pending the resolution of the status of disputed border areas and the final demarcation of the border. This shall take effect by D-Day + 10 Days. The administrative common border line shall be used for those areas which are disputed. The Technical Boundary Demarcation Committee shall provide the required maps. The JPSM with other agreed associated security mechanisms shall be operationalised before 9 July 2011 until normal relationships prevail between the two sovereign States.

Page 2, 4. [...] The intent is to:
-Assist in building mutual trust, confidence and an environment which encourages long-term stability and economic development through verification, investigations, monitoring, arbitrations, training, liaison, coordination, reporting, information exchange, and joint patrols;
-Create capacity for effective bilateral management mechanisms.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 2, 4. [...] The intent is to:
-Assist in building mutual trust, confidence and an environment which encourages long-term stability and economic development through verification, investigations, monitoring, arbitrations, training, liaison, coordination, reporting, information exchange, and joint patrols;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1-2, 2. The Parties shall establish a Safe Demilitarised Border Zone (SDBZ, formerly 'Common Border Zone'), where the forces of the two Parties shall be redeployed 10 Kilometres outside from the north/south 1/1/1956 borderline, pending the resolution of the status of disputed border areas and the final demarcation of the border. This shall take effect by D-Day + 10 Days. The administrative common border line shall be used for those areas which are disputed. The Technical Boundary Demarcation Committee shall provide the required maps. The JPSM with other agreed associated security mechanisms shall be operationalised before 9 July 2011 until normal relationships prevail between the two sovereign States.

Page 2, 3. This agreement further provides for the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), (Ethiopian troops) to provide force protection for the international border monitoring verification mission.

Page 2, 4. The Parties shall invite the AU and UN to provide external support for monitoring, verification in the SDBZ. The Parties and UNISFA shall constitute a joint committee to draft the mandate, renewable upon agreement of the Parties on a six-monthly basis, for the core mission of monitoring security in the SDBZ in order to avoid destabilizing situations through joint observation by unarmed observers from the Parties supported by UN observers.

Page 2, 4. [...] The intent is to:
-Assist in building mutual trust, confidence and an environment which encourages long-term stability and economic development through verification, investigations, monitoring, arbitrations, training, liaison, coordination, reporting, information exchange, and joint patrols;
-Create capacity for effective bilateral management mechanisms.
-Assist, facilitate and help to protect the demarcation teams within the SDBZ as requested by the JPSM.

Page 2-3, 5. A joint committee of the Parties and UNISFA shall jointly assess the mission headquarters, numbers of teams in each sector and their locations, and personnel that should be assigned to these tasks. This assessment will be submitted to the JPSM for approval. Following that, within an overall limit of 4,200 [footnote: Set by UNSC Resolution 1990] Ethiopian troops for UNISA and this border mission combined, the Force Commander of UNISFA after consultation with the Parties, will assess the operational requirements of force protection and air and logistical support for the border mission, and inform the JPSM accordingly.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: Witnessed by: Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, African Union High Level Implementation Panel
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, 3. This agreement further provides for the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), (Ethiopian troops) to provide force protection for the international border monitoring verification mission.

Page 2, 4. The Parties shall invite the AU and UN to provide external support for monitoring, verification in the SDBZ. The Parties and UNISFA shall constitute a joint committee to draft the mandate, renewable upon agreement of the Parties on a six-monthly basis, for the core mission of monitoring security in the SDBZ in order to avoid destabilizing situations through joint observation by unarmed observers from the Parties supported by UN observers.

Page 2-3, 5. A joint committee of the Parties and UNISFA shall jointly assess the mission headquarters, numbers of teams in each sector and their locations, and personnel that should be assigned to these tasks. This assessment will be submitted to the JPSM for approval. Following that, within an overall limit of 4,200 [footnote: Set by UNSC Resolution 1990] Ethiopian troops for UNISA and this border mission combined, the Force Commander of UNISFA after consultation with the Parties, will assess the operational requirements of force protection and air and logistical support for the border mission, and inform the JPSM accordingly.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 3, 6. The Parties request the African Union and the United Nations to support this agreement and its implementation.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Smallarmssurveysudan.org,. 'HSBA For Sudan And South Sudan'. N.p., 2015. Web. 24 Oct. 2015.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SUDAN AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SOUTHERN SUDAN ON BORDER SECURITY AND THE JOINT POLITICAL AND SECURITY MECHANISM

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

29 June 2011

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1. The Government of Sudan and Government of Southern Sudan, hereinafter the Parties, reaffirm the Security Cluster Agreement on the Joint Political and Security Mechanism (JPSM), signed on 7 December 2010 in Juba, and the “Kuriftu” Joint Position Paper signed on 30 May 2011 in Addis Ababa.

2. The Parties shall establish a Safe Demilitarised Border Zone (SDBZ, formerly ‘Common Border Zone’), where the forces of the two Parties shall be redeployed 10 kilometres outside from the north/south 1/1/1956 borderline, pending the resolution of the status of disputed border areas and the final demarcation of the border.

This shall take effect by D-Day + 10 days.

The administrative common border line shall be used for those areas which are disputed.

The Technical Boundary Demarcation Committee shall provide the required maps.

The JPSM with other agreed associated security mechanisms shall be operationalized before 9 July 2011 until normal relationships prevail between the two sovereign States.

3. This agreement further provides for United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), (Ethiopian troops) to provide force protection for the international border monitoring verification mission.

4. The Parties shall invite the AU and UN to provide external support for monitoring, verification in the SDBZ.

The Parties and UNISFA shall constitute a joint committee to draft the mandate, renewable upon agreement of the Parties on a six-monthly basis, for the core mission of monitoring security in the SDBZ in order to avoid destabilizing situations through joint observation by unarmed observers from the Parties supported by UN observers.

The intent is to:

● Assist in building mutual trust, confidence and an environment which encourages long-term stability and economic development through verification, investigations, monitoring, arbitrations, training, liaison, coordination, reporting, information exchange, and joint patrols;

● Create capacity for effective bilateral management mechanisms.

● Assist, facilitate and help to protect the demarcation teams within the SDBZ as requested by the JPSM.

5. A joint committee of the Parties and UNISFA shall jointly assess the mission headquarters, number of teams in each sector and their locations, and personnel that should be assigned to these tasks.

This assessment will be submitted to the JPSM for approval.

Following that, within an overall limit of 4,200 Ethiopian troops for UNISFA and this border mission combined, the Force Commander of UNISFA after consultation with the Parties, will assess the operational requirements of force protection and air and logistical support for the border mission, and inform the JPSM accordingly.

6. The Parties request the African Union and the United Nations to support this agreement and its implementation.

Signed this 29th day of June 2011 in Addis Ababa

------------------------ -------------------------

Ali Ahmed Hamid Lt.

Gen Salva Mathok

Government of the Sudan Government of Southern Sudan

----------------------------

Witnessed by

Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki

African Union High Level Implementation Panel

(1) Set by UNSC Resolution 1990.