Constitution of 18 March 2005

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Country/entity: Burundi
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Constitution of 18 March 2005
Date: 18 Mar 2005
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Burundian Civil War (1993-2005)
The conflict had an ethnic base between Hutu and Tutsi populations, and is one of a set of regionally connected conflicts also addressed n the Great Lakes process. Since independence in 1972, the Burundian political landscape has been polarised and marked by ethnic-based tensions, political assassinations and large-scale violence. For the following two decades, three Tutsi military regimes associated with the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) ruled the country. During these military dictatorships, numerous waves of mass violence resulted from the attempts of various opposition rebels groups to destabilise the three regimes, and the regimes’ use of violence to repress these attempts. Despite a wave of hope in the early 1990’s, Burundi entered a decade-long civil war in 1993 following the assassination of Burundi’s first democratically elected president, Melchior Ndadaye, from the ethnically-Hutu Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU) by Tutsi opposition in the military.
In 1998 the Arusha Peace Talks commenced and in August 2000, international pressure resulted in the signing of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi. However, the National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNND) did not sign. Additionally, and Party for the Liberation of Hutu People (Palipehutu) did not participate in negotiations. These outsiders continued sporadic violence until 2008. In 2015, a new wave of political violence is taking place after President Nkurunziza, from the CNDD-FDD which has been in power since 2005, won a contested third-mandate.
Stage: Framework/substantive - comprehensive
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Burundi: Arusha and related peace process
Parties: The Constitution was passed by the Burundian National Assembly.
Third parties: -
Description: This constitution replaced the 2004 Interim Constitution. The text of the 2004 interim Constitution is identical to the this adopted in March 2005. This latest interim Constitution was adopted to avoid a unconstitutional vacuum. It contains the following chapters: Of the State and the Sovereignty of the People; Of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Duties, of the Individual and the Citizen; Of the System of Political Parties; Of the Elections; Of the Executive Power; Of the Legislative Power; Of the Relations between the Executive Power and the Legislative Power; Of the Judicial Power; Of the Ombudsman; Of the Corps of Defense and of Security; Of the Local Collectivies; Of the National Councils; Of the International Treaties and Agreements; Of the Revision of the constitution; Of the Particular Provisions for the First Post-Transitional Period; Of the Transitory Provisions; Of the Final Provisions.

Agreement document: BI_050318_Constitution.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Substantive
Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 12:
...
The children born of Burundian men or women have the same rights with regard to the law on nationality

Page 7: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 19:
The rights and the duties proclaimed and guaranteed, among others, by the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man, the International Pacts relative to the rights of man, the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination concerning Women and the Convention relative to the rights of the child are an integral part of the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi.

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 30:
...
Parents have the natural right and the duty to educate and raise their children. They are supported in this task by the State and the public collectivities.
Every child has the right, on the part of their family, of the society and of the State to the measures of special protection required by their condition as [a] minor.

Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 44:
Every child has the right to particular measures to assure or to ameliorate the care necessary for their well-being, for their health and for their physical security and to be protected against the bad treatments, abuse and exploitation.

Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 45:
No child may be directly utilized in an armed conflict. The protection of children is assured in times of armed conflict.

Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 46:
No child may be detained except as [a] last resort, in which case the duration of the detention will be as short as possible.
Every child has the right to be separated from the detainees older than 16 years [of age] and to be subject to a treatment and to conditions of detention adapted to their age.
Disabled persons: Groups→Disabled persons→Anti-discrimination
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 22
All citizens are equal before the law, which assures them an equal protection.
No one may be subject to discrimination notably because of their origin, of their race, of their ethnicity, of their sex, of their color, of their language, of their social situation, of their religious, philosophical or political convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they are carriers of the HIV/AIDS or of any other incurable disease.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Rhetorical
Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
• The protection and the inclusion of the ethnic, cultural and religious minority groups into the general system of good governance;
Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Substantive
[Summary: The whole constitution extensively addresses ‘ethnicity’, as being seen as a major cause of the Burundian conflict. Across the different chapters, these principles are translated throughout the constitution by requiring the representatives of reformed public institutions (the government, the legislative, the Army, the Police, etc.), public administration to represent the ethnic diversity of Burundian society in their composition and the undertaking of their duties. See the specific provisions in the respective boxes of these institutions.]

Page 4, Preamble
...Reaffirming our unwavering [inébranlable] determination to put an end to the profound causes of the continuous state of the ethnic and political violence, of genocide and of exclusion, of effusion of blood, of insecurity and of political instability, which have plunged the People into distress and suffering and compromise gravely the perspectives for economical development and the realization of equality and of social justice in our country; Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
• The establishment and the implantation of a system of democratic governance;
• The inclusion of the minority political parties into the general system of good governance;
• The protection and the inclusion of the ethnic, cultural and religious minority groups into the general system of good governance;
• Right to culture
• The restructuring of the national system of security and of justice in order to guarantee the security of all Burundians, including the ethnic minorities...
Religious groups: Groups→Religious groups→Rhetorical
Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
• The protection and the inclusion of the ethnic, cultural and religious minority groups into the general system of good governance;
Groups→Religious groups→Anti-discrimination
Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 13:
All Burundians are equal in [their] merits and dignity. All citizens enjoy the same rights and have right to the same protection of the law. No Burundian may be excluded from the social, economical or political life of the nation because of their race, of their language, of their religion, of their sex or of their ethnic origin.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 22:
All citizens are equal before the law, which assures them an equal protection. No one may be subject to discrimination notably because of their origin, of their race, of their ethnicity, of their sex, of their color, of their language, of their social situation, of their religious, philosophical or political convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they are carriers of the HIV/AIDS or of any other incurable disease.
Groups→Religious groups→Substantive
Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 78:
In their organization and their functioning the political parties must respond to democratic principles. They must be opened to all Burundians, and their national character must also be reflected at the level of their leadership [direction]. They may not advocate violence, exclusion, and hatred in any of their forms, notably those based on ethnic, regional, religious or gender affiliation.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 80:
The law guarantees the non-interference of the public powers in the internal functioning of the political parties, except for that of the restrictions necessary to prevent ethnic, political, regional, religious or gender hatred and to maintain the public order.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: Groups→Social class→Anti-discrimination
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 22:
All citizens are equal before the law, which assures them an equal protection. No one may be subject to discrimination notably because of their origin, of their race, of their ethnicity, of their sex, of their color, of their language, of their social situation, of their religious, philosophical or political convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they are carriers of the HIV/AIDS or of any other incurable disease.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 12:
...
The children born of Burundian men or women have the same rights with regard to the law on nationality.

Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 13:
All Burundians are equal in [their] merits and dignity. All citizens enjoy the same rights and have right to the same protection of the law. No Burundian may be excluded from the social, economical or political life of the nation because of their race, of their language, of their religion, of their sex or of their ethnic origin.

Page 7, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 19:
The rights and the duties proclaimed and guaranteed, among others, by the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man, the International Pacts relative to the rights of man, the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination concerning Women and the Convention relative to the rights of the child are an integral part of the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 22:
All citizens are equal before the law, which assures them an equal protection. No one may be subject to discrimination notably because of their origin, of their race, of their ethnicity, of their sex, of their color, of their language, of their social situation, of their religious, philosophical or political convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they are carriers of the HIV/AIDS or of any other incurable disease.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 24:
Every woman, every man has the right to life.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 25:
Every woman, every man has the right to the freedom of their person, notably to the physical and psychical integrity and to the freedom of movement. No one shall be submitted to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading penalties or treatments.

Page 8, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 28:
Every woman, every man has the right to respect for their private life and for their family life, for their domicile and their personal communications

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 29:
The freedom to marry is guaranteed, as well as the right to choose his or her partner. The marriage may only be concluded with the free and full consent of the future spouses.
The marriage between two persons of the same sex is prohibited.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 78:
In their organization and their functioning the political parties must respond to democratic principles. They must be opened to all Burundians, and their national character must also be reflected at the level of their leadership [direction]. They may
not advocate violence, exclusion, and hatred in any of their forms, notably those based on ethnic, regional, religious or gender affiliation.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 80:
The law guarantees the non-interference of the public powers in the internal functioning of the political parties, except for that of the restrictions necessary to prevent ethnic, political, regional, religious or gender hatred and to maintain the public order.

Page 17, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 91:
The Commission is given the charge of the following missions: g. To assure the respect for the provisions of this Constitution relative to multi-ethnicity and to gender and to take cognizance of the claims in this respect.

Page 19, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 99:
Every candidacy to the presidential elections must be supported [parraineé] by a group of two hundred persons formed taking into account the ethnic and gender components.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 129:
The Government is open to all the ethnic components. It includes at most 60% of Hutu Ministers and Vice-Ministers and at most 40% of Tutsi Ministers and Vice-Ministers. A minimum of 30% of women is assured.

Page 25, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 135:
The members of the Government make or propose the appointments in the public administration and to the diplomatic posts taking into account the necessity to maintain an ethnic, regional, political and gender equilibrium.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 143:
The Administration is largely representative of the Burundian Nation and must reflect the diversity of its components. The practices that it observes in the matter of
employment are founded on objective and equitable criteria of aptitude as well as on the necessity to correct the disequilibrium and to assure a wide ethnic, regional and
gender representation. The ethnic representation in the public enterprises is provided on the basis of 60% at most for the Hutu and 40% at most for the Tutsi.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 145:
No agent of the public administration or of the judicial apparatus of the State may benefit from a treatment of favor nor be subjected to a partial treatment for the sole motive of their sex, of their ethnic or regional origin or of their political affiliation.

Page 31, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 164:
The National Assembly is composed of at least one hundred Deputies on the basis of 60% of Hutu and 40% of Tutsi, including a minimum of 30% of women, elected by universal direct suffrage for a mandate of five years, and of three Deputies originating from the Twa ethnicity co-opted in accordance with the electoral code.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 168:
The elections of the Deputies takes place following the ballot for the bloc lists by proportional representation. These lists must have a multi-ethnic character and take into account the equilibrium between men and women. For three candidates registered together on a list, only two may belong to the same ethnic group, and at least one in four must be a woman.

Page 34, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 180:
1. Two delegates from each province, elected by an electoral college composed of members of the communal councils of the considered province, originating from different ethnic communities and elected by distinct ballots;
...
A minimum of 30% of women is assured. The electoral law determines the practical modalities, with co-optation the case arising.

Page 35-36, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
…
5. Controlling the application of the constitutional provisions by demanding the ethnic and gender representativeness and the equilibrium in all the State structures and institutions, notably the public administration and the Corps of Defense and of Security;

Page 41, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, Article 208:
...
The procedures of recruitment and appointment in the judicial corps submit imperatively to the concern to promote regional [and] ethnic equilibrium and the equilibrium between genders.

Page 43, 1. OF THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE
Article 217, The Superior Council of the Magistrature is equilibrated on the ethnic [and] regional plane and between genders.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 247:
The Corps of Defense and of Security develop within them a nondiscriminatory, non-ethnicist and non-sexist culture.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 255:
The State has the duty to put in place a pertinent policy of reforms in [the] matter of defense and of security that reinforces the unity and the cohesion of the Burundian People, notably by assuring the necessary ethnic, regional and gender equilibriums.
Men and boys: Gender→Men and boys→Gender neutral wording
Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 12:
...
The children born of Burundian men or women have the same rights with regard to the law on nationality.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 25:
Every woman, every man has the right to the freedom of their person, notably to the physical and psychical integrity and to the freedom of movement. No one shall be submitted to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading penalties or treatments.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 28:
Every woman, every man has the right to respect for their private life and for their family life, for their domicile and their personal communications.
LGBTI: Gender→LGBTI→LGBTI (negative)
Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 29:
...
The marriage between two persons of the same sex is prohibited.
Family: Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 28:
Every woman, every man has the right to respect for their private life and for their family life, for their domicile and their personal communications

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 29:
The freedom to marry is guaranteed, as well as the right to choose his or her partner. The marriage may only be concluded with the free and full consent of the future spouses.
The marriage between two persons of the same sex is prohibited.

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 30:
The family is the natural base cell of society. The marriage is for it [en est] the legitimate support. Family and marriage are placed under the particular protection of the State.
Parents have the natural right and the duty to educate and raise their children. They are supported in this task by the State and the public collectivities.
Every child has the right, on the part of their family, of the society and of the State to the measures of special protection required by their condition as [a] minor.

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 43:
No one may be subject to arbitrary infringement [immixtion] of their private life, their family, their domicile or their correspondence, or to threats to their honor and to their reputation.

Page 13, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 63:
Each citizen has duties toward the family and the society, toward the State and the other public collectivities.

Page 13, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 66:
Each Burundian has the duty to preserve the harmonious development of the family and to act [æuvrer] in favor of the cohesion and the respect for that family, to respect at every moment their parents, to nourish them and to assist them in case of necessity.

Page 14, ANNEXURE II TO THE COMPREHENSIVE AGREEMENT MODALITIES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT, 4. Implementation Phases:
4.1 This Agreement will be implemented in the following phases:
4.1.1 Phase 1 shall include the following activities:
...
e. It shall be ensured that the dependants of the combatants will not form part of this process. They shall be referred to the UNHCR and other established mechanisms to be processed separately.

Page 29, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
2°. The status of the persons and of the assets:
...
matrimonial regimes, inheritance and gifts;

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering the necessity to restore a pluralist democratic order and a State of law;
...
Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
• The establishment and the implantation of a system of democratic governance;
• The inclusion of the minority political parties into the general system of good governance;
• The protection and the inclusion of the ethnic, cultural and religious minority groups into the general system of good governance;
...
...
Reaffirming our engagement to construct a political order and a system of government inspired by the realities of our country and founded on the values of justice, of democracy, of good governance, of pluralism, of respect for the fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual, of unity, of solidarity, of mutual understanding, of tolerance and of cooperation between the different ethnic groups of our society;

Page 5, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 1:
Burundi is an independent, sovereign, secular, democratic, and unitary Republic [,] respecting its ethnic and religious diversity.

Page 5, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 2:
The national territory of Burundi is inalienable and indivisible.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 75:
The multipartiism is recognized in the Republic of Burundi.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: Page 5, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 4:
The status and the reestablishment of the monarchy may be the object of a referendum. Any party militating peacefully in favor of the restoration of the monarchy has the right to function.

Page 5, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 7:
The national sovereignty belongs to the people who exercise it, either directly by way [voie] of referendum, or indirectly through their representatives. No fraction of the People, no individual may arrogate its exercise.
State symbols: Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 10:
The flag of Burundi is tricolor: green, white and red. It has the form of a rectangle divided by a saltire [un sautoir], having [comportant] in its center a white disc stamped [frappé] with three six-pointed red stars that form a fictive equilateral triangle inscribed within a fictive circle having the same center as the disc and whose base is parallel to the length of the flag.
The law specifies the dimensions and the other details of the flag.

Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 11:
The motto of Burundi is "Unité, Travail, Progrés [Unity, Work, Progress]". The emblem of the Republic of Burundi is a shield stamped with the head of the lion as well as with three lances, all of it surrounded by the national motto.
The national anthem is "Burundi Bwacu."
The seal of the Republic is determined by the law.

Page 29, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
...
• general organization of the national orders, of the decorations and of the honorific titles;
• general rules of organization of the national defense;
• general rules of organization of the national police;
• statute of the personnel of the Corps of Defense and of Security;
• statute of the personnel of the Parliament;
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→New political institutions (indefinite)
Page 17, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 98:
The candidates may be presented by the political parties or may present themselves as [en qualité de] independents.
The candidate who, at the moment of the presentation of the candidatures is not presented by any political party, is considered as an independent.

Page 22, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 119:
Outside of the acts that arise from his discretionary competence, the administrative acts of the President of the Republic may be challenged before the competent jurisdictions.

Page 22-23, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 120:
In the case of absence or temporary impediment of the President of the Republic
...
The vacancy is declared by the Constitutional Court referred to [the matter] by the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the Government, acting jointly.
The ballot for the election of the new President of the Republic takes place, except in the case of force majeure declared by the Constitutional Court, within a time period that may not be inferior to one month and superior to three months, from the declaration of the vacancy.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 2. OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC, Article 128:
In the case of resignation, death or of any other cause of definitive cessation of the functions of a Vice-President of the Republic, a new Vice-President of the Republic[,] originating from the same ethnicity and of the same political party as their predecessor[,] is appointed, following the same procedure, within a time period not exceeding thirty days, counting from the definitive cessation of the functions of the Vice-President to be replaced.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT Article 129:
The Government is open to all the ethnic components. It includes at most 60% of Hutu Ministers and Vice-Ministers and at most 40% of Tutsi Ministers and Vice-Ministers. A minimum of 30% of women is assured.
The members come from the different political parties that have received more than one-twentieth of the votes and which so desire. These parties have the right to a percentage, rounded to the inferior number, of the total number of Ministries at least equal to that of the seats that they occupy at the National Assembly.
When the President revokes a Minister, it proceeds to his replacement after consultation with his political party of origin [provenance].

Page 28, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 157:
Except in the case of force majeure duly declared by the Constitutional Court, the deliberations of the National Assembly and of the Senate are only valid if they take place in the ordinary place of their sessions.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 165:
The candidate to the legislative elections must be of Burundian nationality and origin, be twenty-five years old at least, [and] enjoy all of their civil and political rights.
The candidate to the legislative elections must not have been convicted for a crime or misdemeanor of common law to a penalty determined by the electoral law.
The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a person condemned in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover their eligibility since the execution of the sentence.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 166:
The candidates to the legislative elections may be presented by the political parties or present themselves as independents as defined by Article 98 of this Constitution.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 169:
The candidates presented by the political parties or the lists of independents may only be considered as elected and sit in the National Assembly if, nationwide, their party or their
list totaled a number of suffrage equal or superior to 2% of the whole of the expressed suffrage.

Page 33, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 173
The opposition parties in the National Assembly participate by right in all the parliamentary commissions, whether they are [qu'il s'agisse] specialized commissions or commissions of inquiry.
A political party providing a member in the Government may not claim itself [part] of the opposition.

Page 47, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 244:
Neither the Corps of Defense and of Security, nor any of their members may, in the exercise of their functions:
a. Infringe the interests of a political party which, in the terms of the Constitution, is legal;
b. Manifest their political preferences;
c. Favor in a partisan manner the interests of a political party;
d. Be a member of a political party or of an association with a political character;
e. Participate in activities or manifestations of a political character.
The law concerning the organization and the functioning of the Corps of Defense and of Security punishes the violation of it.

Page 51, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, Article 268:
In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:
• the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation;
• the National Observatory [Observatoire] for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity;
• the National Council of Security;
• the Economical and Social Council;
• the National Council of Communication.
The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.
Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutions
Page 57, TITLE XV: OF THE PARTICULAR PROVISIONS FOR THE FIRST POST-TRANSITION PERIOD, Article 301:
Any person having exercised the functions of President of the Republic during the period of transition is ineligible in the first presidential elections.

Page 57-58, TITLE XV: OF THE PARTICULAR PROVISIONS FOR THE FIRST POST-TRANSITION PERIOD, Article 302:
Exceptionally, the first President of the Republic of the post-transition period is elected by the [elected] National Assembly and the elected Senate meeting in Congress, with a majority of two-thirds of the members. If this majority is not obtained on the first two ballots, it immediately proceeds to other ballots until a candidate obtains the suffrage equal to two-thirds of the members of the Parliament.
In the case of vacancy of the first President of the Republic of the post-transition period, his successor is elected according to the same modalities specified in the preceding paragraph.

Page 58, TITLE XV: OF THE PARTICULAR PROVISIONS FOR THE FIRST POST-TRANSITION PERIOD, Article 302:
The President elected for the first post-transition period may not dissolve the Parliament.

Page 58, TITLE XV: OF THE PARTICULAR PROVISIONS FOR THE FIRST POST-TRANSITION PERIOD, Article 303:
Equally exceptionally and to the sole ends of the first elections of the Deputies, and only if one party has obtained more than three-fifths of the seats by direct suffrage, a total of eighteen to twenty-one supplementary members are co-opted in equal numbers from the lists of all parties having registered at least the minimum established for the suffrage, or in a rate of two persons per party in the case where more than seven parties should meet the required conditions.

Page 58, TITLE XVI: OF THE TRANSITORY PROVISIONS, Article 304:
While awaiting the establishment of the institutions issuing from the elections in accordance with this Constitution, the institutions of transition and the territorial administration remain in function until the date determined in accordance with the calendar established by the Independent National Electoral Commission.
Elections: Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 8:
Suffrage is universal, equal, free and transparent. It may be direct or indirect under the conditions specified by the law.
All Burundians being already [révolus] eighteen years of age and enjoying their civil and political rights[,] are electors, within the conditions determined by the electoral code.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 79:
The political parties and the coalitions of political parties must promote the free expression of suffrage and participate in the political life by pacific means.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 81:
The political parties may form coalitions at the time [lors] of the elections, accordingly to the modalities established by the electoral law.

Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 86:
The right to vote is guaranteed.

Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 87:
The elections are free, transparent and regular. The electoral code determines the practical modalities of them.

Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 88:
The elections are organized in an impartial manner at the national levels, [and the levels] of the communes and the collines, as well as at other levels established by the law.

Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 89:
An independent national electoral Commission guarantees the freedom, the impartiality and the independence of the electoral process.

Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 90:
The Commission is composed of five independent notable persons. Its members are appointed by decree after having been previously approved separately by the National Assembly and the Senate with a majority of three-quarters.

Page 17, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 91:
The Commission is given the charge of the following missions:
a. To organize the elections at the national level, at the level of the communes and at that of the collines;
b. To see to it that the elections are free, regular and transparent;
c. To proclaim the provisional results of the elections within a time period specified by the law;
d. To promulgate the arrangements, the code of conduct and the technical details, including the location of the polls [bureaux de vote] and the hours in which they are open;
e. To hear the claims concerning the respect for the electoral rules and to process them. The decisions of the Commission are without appeal;
f. To see to it, applying the appropriate rules, that the electoral campaigns do not take place [se déroulent] in a manner that incites to ethnic violence or in any other manner contrary to this Constitution;
g. To assure the respect for the provisions of this Constitution relative to multi-ethnicity and to gender and to take cognizance of the claims in this respect.

Page 18, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 96:
The President of the Republic is elected by universal direct suffrage for a mandate of five years renewable one time.

Page 18, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 97:
The candidate for the functions of President of the Republic must:
1. have the quality of elector within the conditions specified by the electoral law;
2. be of Burundian nationality by birth;
3. be already [révolus] thirty-five years old at the moment of the election;
4. reside in the territory of Burundi at the moment of the presentation of the candidature;
5. enjoy all his civil and political rights;
6. subscribe to the Constitution and to the Charter of the National Unity.

In addition, the candidate to the presidential elections must not have been condemned for crimes or misdemeanors of common law [droit commun] to a penalty determined by the electoral law.
The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a condemned person in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover his eligibility since the execution of his penalty.

Page 18, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 98:
The candidates may be presented by the political parties or may present themselves as [en qualité de] independents.
The candidate who, at the moment of the presentation of the candidatures is not presented by any political party, is considered as an independent.

Page 19, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 99:
Every candidacy to the presidential elections must be supported [parraineé] by a group of two hundred persons formed taking into account the ethnic and gender components.
The members of the supporting group [groupe de parrainage] must themselves meet the fundamental conditions [conditions de fond] required for eligibility in the general elections.

Page 19, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 102:
The election of the President of the Republic takes place in a uninominal ballot in two rounds.
The President of the Republic is elected by an absolute majority of the suffrage expressed. If this is not obtained in the first round, it proceeds, in a time period of fifteen days, to a second round.
Only the two candidates who have obtained the greater number of votes in the first round may present themselves in the second round of the ballot. In the case of withdrawal [déssistement] of one or the other of the two candidates, the following
candidates present themselves in the order of their ranking after the first ballot.
The candidate having received the relative majority of the suffrage expressed is declared elected in the second round.

Page 19, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 103:
...
The election of the President of the Republic takes place one month at least and two months at most before the expiration of the mandate of the President of the Republic.

Page 19-20, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 104:
If the President of the Republic in exercise stands as a candidate, the Parliament may not be dissolved.

The President of the Republic may not, in addition, from the official announcement of his candidature [and] until the election, exercise his power of legislating by decree-law, deriving from Article 195 of this Constitution.
In the case of necessity, the Parliament is convoked in extraordinary session.

Page 20, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 105:
The electoral law specifies all the other provisions relative to the election of the President of the Republic.

Page 22-23, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 120:
In the case of absence or temporary impediment of the President of the Republic
...
The vacancy is declared by the Constitutional Court referred to [the matter] by the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the Government, acting jointly.
The ballot for the election of the new President of the Republic takes place, except in the case of force majeure declared by the Constitutional Court, within a time period that may not be inferior to one month and superior to three months, from the
declaration of the vacancy.
The interim authority appoints an Independent National Electoral Commission given the charge of organizing a new presidential ballot in accordance with the law in force.

Page 22-23, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 120:
In the case of absence or temporary impediment of the President of the Republic
...
The ballot for the election of the new President of the Republic takes place, except in the case of force majeure declared by the Constitutional Court, within a time period that may not be inferior to one month and superior to three months, from the
declaration of the vacancy.
The interim authority appoints an Independent National Electoral Commission given the charge of organizing a new presidential ballot in accordance with the law in force.

Page 29, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
...
• territorial organization, creation and modification of the administrative circumscriptions as well as the electoral divisions;
• Electoral districts;
• electoral regime;

Page 31, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 163:
The two chambers of the Parliament meet in Congress to:
...
4. Elect the first President of the Republic post-transition;
...
6. Receive the oath from the CENI [Commission électorale nationale indépendante/Independent National Electoral Commission].

Page 31, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 164:
...
The number of candidates to be elected per circumscription is established by the electoral law proportionally to the population

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 165:
The candidate to the legislative elections must be of Burundian nationality and origin, be twenty-five years old at least, [and] enjoy all of their civil and political rights.
The candidate to the legislative elections must not have been convicted for a crime or misdemeanor of common law to a penalty determined by the electoral law.
The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a person condemned in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover their eligibility since the execution of the sentence.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 166:
The candidates to the legislative elections may be presented by the political parties or present themselves as independents as defined by Article 98 of this Constitution.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 167:
The Independent National Electoral Commission verifies the receivability of the candidatures.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 168:
The elections of the Deputies takes place following the ballot for the bloc lists by proportional representation. These lists must have a multi-ethnic character and take into account the equilibrium between men and women. For three candidates registered together on a list, only two may belong to the same ethnic group, and at least one in four must be a woman.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 169:
The candidates presented by the political parties or the lists of independents may only be considered as elected and sit in the National Assembly if, nationwide, their party or their list totaled a number of suffrage equal or superior to 2% of the whole of the expressed suffrage.

Page 34, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 179:
The candidate to the elections of the Senators must be of Burundian nationality, being already thirty-five years old at the moment of the elections, [and] enjoy all their civil and political rights.
The candidate to the senatorial elections must not have been convicted for a crime or misdemeanor of common law to a penalty determined by the electoral law.
The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a person condemned in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover their eligibility since the execution of the sentence.

Page 34, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 180:
The Senate is composed of:
1. Two delegates from each province, elected by an electoral college composed of members of the communal councils of the considered province, originating from different ethnic communities and elected by distinct ballots;
2. Three persons originating from the Twa ethnicity;
3. The former Heads of the State.
A minimum of 30% of women is assured. The electoral law determines the practical modalities, with co-optation the case arising.

Page 34-35, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 181:
The Independent National Electoral Commission verifies the receivability of the candidatures. These candidatures emanate from the political parties or may be constituted of independents as defined by Article 98 of this Constitution.

Page 35, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
1. Approving the amendments to the Constitution and to the organic laws, including the laws governing the electoral process;

Page 35-36, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
…
9. Approving the appointments only to the following functions:
…
m. Members of the Independent National Electoral Commission.

Page 44, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 3. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, Article 228:
The Constitutional Court is competent to:
...
• decide on the regularity of the presidential and legislative elections and of the referenda and to proclaim the definitive results of them;

Page 50, TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES, Article 265:
The elections at the communal level are held in accordance with the procedures indicated hereafter:
a. The collines [literally: hills; local administrative collectivities] are administrated by the Councils of the collines of five members elected by universal direct suffrage. The councilor who has obtained the highest number of votes becomes the Head [Chef] of the colline. The candidates must present themselves as independents;
b. The communes are administrated by the Communal Councils which are elected by universal direct suffrage.

Page 51, TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES, Article 266:
The Independent National Electoral Commission sees to it that the Communal Councils reflect in a general manner the ethnic diversity of their electorate. In a case where the composition of a Communal Council would not reflect this ethnic diversity, the Independent National Electoral Commission may order the co-optation to the council of persons originating from an ethnic group underrepresented, provided that the persons thus co-opted do not constitute more than one-fifth of the members of the Council. The persons to be co-opted are designated by the Independent National Electoral Commission.
For the first elections, every Communal Council elects within it a Communal administrator and may remove him from his functions for a valid reason, such as corruption, incompetence, grave fault or diversion of funds. For the following elections, the National Assembly and the Senate may, after evaluation, legislate [that] the Administrator should be elected by universal direct suffrage.
None of the principal ethnic components may be represented by more than 67% of the Communal Administrators at the national level. The Independent National Electoral Commission assures the respect for this principle.
Electoral commission: Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 89:
An independent national electoral Commission guarantees the freedom, the impartiality and the independence of the electoral process.

Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 90:
The Commission is composed of five independent notable persons. Its members are appointed by decree after having been previously approved separately by the National Assembly and the Senate with a majority of three-quarters.

Page 17, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 91:
The Commission is given the charge of the following missions:
a. To organize the elections at the national level, at the level of the communes and at that of the collines;
b. To see to it that the elections are free, regular and transparent;
c. To proclaim the provisional results of the elections within a time period specified by the law;
d. To promulgate the arrangements, the code of conduct and the technical details, including the location of the polls [bureaux de vote] and the hours in which they are open;
e. To hear the claims concerning the respect for the electoral rules and to process them. The decisions of the Commission are without appeal;
f. To see to it, applying the appropriate rules, that the electoral campaigns do not take place [se déroulent] in a manner that incites to ethnic violence or in any other manner contrary to this Constitution;
g. To assure the respect for the provisions of this Constitution relative to multi-ethnicity and to gender and to take cognizance of the claims in this respect.

Page 22-23, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 120:
In the case of absence or temporary impediment of the President of the Republic
...
The vacancy is declared by the Constitutional Court referred to [the matter] by the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the Government, acting jointly.
The ballot for the election of the new President of the Republic takes place, except in the case of force majeure declared by the Constitutional Court, within a time period that may not be inferior to one month and superior to three months, from the
declaration of the vacancy.
The interim authority appoints an Independent National Electoral Commission given the charge of organizing a new presidential ballot in accordance with the law in force.

Page 31, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 163:
The two chambers of the Parliament meet in Congress to:
...
4. Elect the first President of the Republic post-transition;
...
6. Receive the oath from the CENI [Commission électorale nationale indépendante/Independent National Electoral Commission].

Page 34-35, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 181:
The Independent National Electoral Commission verifies the receivability of the candidatures. These candidatures emanate from the political parties or may be constituted of independents as defined by Article 98 of this Constitution.

Page 51, TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES, Article 266:
The Independent National Electoral Commission sees to it that the Communal Councils reflect in a general manner the ethnic diversity of their electorate. In a case where the composition of a Communal Council would not reflect this ethnic diversity, the Independent National Electoral Commission may order the co-optation to the council of persons originating from an ethnic group underrepresented, provided that the persons thus co-opted do not constitute more than one-fifth of the members of the Council. The persons to be co-opted are designated by the Independent National Electoral Commission.
For the first elections, every Communal Council elects within it a Communal administrator and may remove him from his functions for a valid reason, such as corruption, incompetence, grave fault or diversion of funds. For the following elections, the National Assembly and the Senate may, after evaluation, legislate [that] the Administrator should be elected by universal direct suffrage.
None of the principal ethnic components may be represented by more than 67% of the Communal Administrators at the national level. The Independent National Electoral Commission assures the respect for this principle.
Political parties reform: Governance→Political parties reform→Other political parties reform
Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 75:
The multipartiism is recognized in the Republic of Burundi.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 76:
The political parties may freely constitute themselves, in accordance with the law. They are registered in accordance with the law.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 77:
An association without a lucrative goal regrouping the citizens around a project of [a] democratic society founded on the national unity, with a distinctive political program of precise objectives responding to the concern to serve the general interest and to assure the development of all citizens[,] constitutes a political party.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 78:
In their organization and their functioning the political parties must respond to democratic principles. They must be opened to all Burundians, and their national character must also be reflected at the level of their leadership [direction]. They may not advocate violence, exclusion, and hatred in any of their forms, notably those based on ethnic, regional, religious or gender affiliation.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 79:
The political parties and the coalitions of political parties must promote the free expression of suffrage and participate in the political life by pacific means.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 80:
The law guarantees the non-interference of the public powers in the internal functioning of the political parties, except for that of the restrictions necessary to prevent ethnic, political, regional, religious or gender hatred and to maintain the public order.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 81:
The political parties may form coalitions at the time [lors] of the elections, accordingly to the modalities established by the electoral law.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 82:
The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security as well as the Magistrates[,] in their activities[,] are not authorized to affiliate with the political parties.

Page 16, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 83:
The external financing of the political parties is prohibited, except [an] exceptional derogation established by the law.
All financing of a nature that infringes the national independence and sovereignty is prohibited.
The law determines and organizes the sources of financing of the political parties.

Page 16, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 84:
To the end of promoting democracy, the law may authorize the financing of the political parties in an equitable manner, proportionally to the number of seats that they hold at the National Assembly. This financing may apply both to the functioning of the political parties and to the electoral campaigns, and must be transparent. The types of subventions, advantages and facilities that the State may grant to the political parties are established by the law.

Page 16, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 85:
The conditions within which the political parties are formed, exercise and cease their activities are determined by the law.
Page 17, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 98:
The candidates may be presented by the political parties or may present themselves as [en qualité de] independents.
The candidate who, at the moment of the presentation of the candidatures is not presented by any political party, is considered as an independent.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 2. OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC, Article 128:
In the case of resignation, death or of any other cause of definitive cessation of the functions of a Vice-President of the Republic, a new Vice-President of the Republic[,] originating from the same ethnicity and of the same political party as their predecessor[,] is appointed, following the same procedure, within a time period not exceeding thirty days, counting from the definitive cessation of the functions of the Vice-President to be replaced.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT Article 129:
The Government is open to all the ethnic components. It includes at most 60% of Hutu Ministers and Vice-Ministers and at most 40% of Tutsi Ministers and Vice-Ministers. A minimum of 30% of women is assured.
The members come from the different political parties that have received more than one-twentieth of the votes and which so desire. These parties have the right to a percentage, rounded to the inferior number, of the total number of Ministries at least equal to that of the seats that they occupy at the National Assembly.
When the President revokes a Minister, it proceeds to his replacement after consultation with his political party of origin [provenance].

Page 28, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 157:
Except in the case of force majeure duly declared by the Constitutional Court, the deliberations of the National Assembly and of the Senate are only valid if they take place in the ordinary place of their sessions.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 165:
The candidate to the legislative elections must be of Burundian nationality and origin, be twenty-five years old at least, [and] enjoy all of their civil and political rights.
The candidate to the legislative elections must not have been convicted for a crime or misdemeanor of common law to a penalty determined by the electoral law.
The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a person condemned in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover their eligibility since the execution of the sentence.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 166:
The candidates to the legislative elections may be presented by the political parties or present themselves as independents as defined by Article 98 of this Constitution.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 169:
The candidates presented by the political parties or the lists of independents may only be considered as elected and sit in the National Assembly if, nationwide, their party or their
list totaled a number of suffrage equal or superior to 2% of the whole of the expressed suffrage.

Page 33, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 173
The opposition parties in the National Assembly participate by right in all the parliamentary commissions, whether they are [qu'il s'agisse] specialized commissions or commissions of inquiry.
A political party providing a member in the Government may not claim itself [part] of the opposition.

Page 47, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 244:
Neither the Corps of Defense and of Security, nor any of their members may, in the exercise of their functions:
a. Infringe the interests of a political party which, in the terms of the Constitution, is legal;
b. Manifest their political preferences;
c. Favor in a partisan manner the interests of a political party;
d. Be a member of a political party or of an association with a political character;
e. Participate in activities or manifestations of a political character.
The law concerning the organization and the functioning of the Corps of Defense and of Security punishes the violation of it.

Page 51, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, Article 268:
In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:
• the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation;
• the National Observatory [Observatoire] for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity;
• the National Council of Security;
• the Economical and Social Council;
• the National Council of Communication.
The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: Page 52, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION, Article 269:
The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is a consultative organ given the charge of notably:
...
• conceiving and initiating the necessary actions in view of rehabilitating the institution of Ubushingantahe, to make of it an instrument of peace and of social cohesion;
...
The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is consulted by the President of the Republic, the Government, the National Assembly and the Senate. On its own initiative, it may equally emit opinions and render them public.
Public administration: Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 51:
Every Burundian has the right to participate, either directly or indirectly through their representatives, in the direction and in the administration of the affairs of the State, under reserve of the legal conditions, notably of age and of capability.
Every Burundian has equally the right to accede to the public functions of their country.

Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 71:
Every Burundian given the charge of a public function or elected to a political function has the duty to fulfill it with conscience, probity, devotion and loyalty in the general interest.

Page 19, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 100:
The functions of President of the Republic are incompatible with the exercise of any other elective public function, of any public employment and of any professional activity.

Page 19, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 101:
In the case that the candidate elected President of the Republic occupies a public function, he is placed[,] of office[,] in [a] position of detachment from the proclamation of the results.
In the case that he occupies a private function, paid or not, on his account or on the account of a third [party], he ceases all activities from the proclamation of the results.

Page 25, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 135:
The members of the Government make or propose the appointments in the public administration and to the diplomatic posts taking into account the necessity to maintain an ethnic, regional, political and gender equilibrium.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 140:
The Administration functions in accordance with the democratic values and the principles enounced by this Constitution and with the law.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 141:
All the agents of the public administration exercise their functions, in a manner to serve all the users of the public services in an efficient, impartial and equitable way.
The diversion of public funds, corruption, the extortion of funds and racketeering are punished in accordance with the law.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 143:
The Administration is largely representative of the Burundian Nation and must reflect the diversity of its components. The practices that it observes in the matter of
employment are founded on objective and equitable criteria of aptitude as well as on the necessity to correct the disequilibrium and to assure a wide ethnic, regional and
gender representation. The ethnic representation in the public enterprises is provided on the basis of 60% at most for the Hutu and 40% at most for the Tutsi.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 145:
No agent of the public administration or of the judicial apparatus of the State may benefit from a treatment of favor nor be subjected to a partial treatment for the sole motive of their sex, of their ethnic or regional origin or of their political affiliation.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 146:
The executives and the agents of the Public Administration are required to make the declaration of their patrimony on [,] entering into [their] functions and at the end of them.
A law determines the competent jurisdiction and the procedure to be followed.

Page 35-36, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
…
4. Conducting inquiries in the public administration and, the case arising, making recommendations to assure itself that no region or no group is excluded from the benefit of the public services;
5. Controlling the application of the constitutional provisions by demanding the ethnic and gender representativeness and the equilibrium in all the State structures and institutions, notably the public administration and the Corps of Defense and of Security;

Page 46, TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN, Article 237:
The Ombudsman receives the complaints and conducts the inquiries concerning the administrative faults and the violations of the rights of the citizens committed by the agents of the public function and of the judiciary and makes recommendations on that subject to the competent authorities. He also assures a mediation between the Administration and the citizens and between the ministries and the Administration
and plays the role of an observer in what concerns the functioning of the public administration.
The law establishes the organization and the functioning of his service.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/making
The agreement in its entirety is a Constitution.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→General
State level
Sub-state level
Page 51, TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES, Article 266:
The Independent National Electoral Commission sees to it that the Communal Councils reflect in a general manner the ethnic diversity of their electorate. In a case where the composition of a Communal Council would not reflect this ethnic diversity, the Independent National Electoral Commission may order the co-optation to the council of persons originating from an ethnic group underrepresented, provided that the persons thus co-opted do not constitute more than one-fifth of the members of the Council. The persons to be co-opted are designated by the Independent National Electoral Commission.
...

None of the principal ethnic components may be represented by more than 67% of the Communal Administrators at the national level. The Independent National Electoral Commission assures the respect for this principle.
Power sharing→Political power sharing→Executive coalition
State level
Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 129:
The Government is open to all the ethnic components. It includes at most 60% of Hutu Ministers and Vice-Ministers and at most 40% of Tutsi Ministers and Vice-Ministers. A minimum of 30% of women is assured.
The members come from the different political parties that have received more than one-twentieth of the votes and which so desire. These parties have the right to a percentage, rounded to the inferior number, of the total number of Ministries at least equal to that of the seats that they occupy at the National Assembly.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 130:
The President of the Republic, after consultation with the two Vice-Presidents of the Republic, sees to it that the Minister given the charge of the Force of National Defense is not of the same ethnicity as the Minister responsible for the National Police.
Power sharing→Political power sharing→Proportionality in legislature
State level
Page 31, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 164:
The National Assembly is composed of at least one hundred Deputies on the basis of 60% of Hutu and 40% of Tutsi, including a minimum of 30% of women, elected by universal direct suffrage for a mandate of five years, and of three Deputies originating from the Twa ethnicity co-opted in accordance with the electoral code.
In the case that the results of the vote do not reflect the percentages above specified, it [then] proceeds to redress the corresponding [afférents] disequilibrium by means of the mechanism of co-optation specified by the electoral code.
The number of candidates to be elected per circumscription is established by the electoral law proportionally to the population.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Proportionality
Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 130:
The President of the Republic, after consultation with the two Vice-Presidents of the Republic, sees to it that the Minister given the charge of the Force of National Defense is not of the same ethnicity as the Minister responsible for the National Police.
Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 257:
The Corps of Defense and of Security are open without discrimination to all Burundian citizens who desire to be a part of them. Their organization is based on volunteering and on professionalism.
During a period to be determined by the Senate, the Corps of Defense and of Security may not include more than 50% of the members belonging to a particular ethnic group, taking into account the necessity to assure the ethnic equilibrium and to prevent the acts of genocide and the coups d'Etat.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 258:
The correction of the disequilibrium within the Corps of Defense and of Security is approached [abordée] progressively in a spirit of reconciliation and trust in order to secure all Burundians.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering the necessity to restore a pluralist democratic order and a State of law;
...
Reaffirming our engagement to construct a political order and a system of government inspired by the realities of our country and founded on the values of justice, of democracy, of good governance, of pluralism, of respect for the fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual, of unity, of solidarity, of mutual understanding, of tolerance and of cooperation between the different ethnic groups of our society;

Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 13:
All Burundians are equal in [their] merits and dignity. All citizens enjoy the same rights and have right to the same protection of the law. No Burundian may be excluded from the social, economical or political life of the nation because of their race, of their language, of their religion, of their sex or of their ethnic origin.

Page 7, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 15:
The Government is constructed on the willingness of the Burundian People. It is responsible before them and respects [their] fundamental freedoms and rights.

Page 7: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 19:
...
These fundamental rights are not subject to any restriction or derogation, except in certain circumstances justifiable by the general interest or the protection of a fundamental right.

Page 7: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 20:
All citizens have rights and obligations.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 23:
No one shall be treated in an arbitrarily manner by the State or its organs.
The State has the obligation to indemnify any person [made a] victim of arbitrary treatment by its act or of [the] act of its organs

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 27:
No one shall be held in slavery or in servitude. Slavery and trafficking in slaves are prohibited in all their forms.

Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 47:
Any restriction of a fundamental right must be founded on a legal basis; it must be justified by the general interest or by the protection of a fundamental right of others; it must be proportionate to the specified goal.

Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 48:
The fundamental rights must be respected within the whole of the juridical, administrative and institutional order. The Constitution is the supreme law. The legislative, the executive and the judicial [powers] must have it respected. Any law not in conformity with the Constitution is struck down as null.

Page 20, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 106:
At the moment of entering into [his] function, the President of the Republic solemnly takes the following oath, received by the Constitutional Court before the Parliament:
...
I engage myself to fight any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, to promote and to defend the individual and collective rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen, and to safeguard the integrity and the independence of the Republic of Burundi.

Page 23, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 2. OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC, Article 127:
At the moment of entering into [their] functions, the Vice-Presidents solemnly take the following oath, received by the Constitutional Court, before the Parliament:
...
I engage myself to fighting any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, to promoting and defending the individual and collective rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen, and to safeguarding the integrity and the independence of the Republic of Burundi.

Page 25, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 133:
...
At the moment of entering into their functions, the members of the Government solemnly take the following oath before the Parliament and the President of the Republic:
"I engage myself to fight any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion,
and to promote and to defend the rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen."

Page 42, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 1. OF THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE, Article 213:
The Superior Council of the Magistrature assists the President of the Republic and the Government in:
...
2. the following of the situation of the country in the judicial domain and in that of human rights;

Page 44, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 3. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, Article 228:
The Constitutional Court is competent to:
...
• assure the respect for this Constitution, including the Charte des Droits fundamentaux [Charter of Fundamental Rights], by the organs of the State, [and] the other institutions;

Page 46, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 241:
...
They [Corps of Defense and of Security] must teach their members to act in conformity with the Constitution and the laws in force, as well as with the international conventions and agreements of which Burundi is a part, and request from them that they respect these texts.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 259:
The Corps of Defense and Security are composed of professionals and are nonpartisan.
Their members benefit from a technical, moral and civic training [formation]. This training focuses notably on the culture of peace[,] the conduct in a pluralist democratic political system and for the rights of Man [Droits de l'Homme].
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 4, Preamble:
...
Proclaiming our attachment to the respect of the fundamental rights of the human person as they result notably from the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man of 10 December 1948, from the International Pacts relatives to the rights of man of 16
December 1966 and from the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples of 18 June 1981;
...
Considering that the relations between Peoples must be characterized by peace, amity and cooperation in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of June the 26th, 1945;

Reaffirming our attachment to the cause of the African unity in accordance with the
Constitutive Act of the African Union of 25 May 2002;

Page 7: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 19:
The rights and the duties proclaimed and guaranteed, among others, by the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man, the International Pacts relative to the rights of man, the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination concerning Women and the Convention relative to the rights of the child are an integral part of the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi.
These fundamental rights are not subject to any restriction or derogation, except in certain circumstances justifiable by the general interest or the protection of a fundamental right.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 132:
The Government deliberates obligatorily on the general policy of the State, the bills of international treaties and agreements, the bills of laws, the bills of presidential decrees, the orders [arrêtés] of a Vice-President and the ordinances of the Ministers
having a character of general regulation.

Page 50, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 260:
The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security are trained at all levels in the respect for international humanitarian law and for the primacy of the Constitution.

Page 55, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 289:
The President of the Republic has the high direction of the international negotiations. He signs and ratifies the international treaties and agreements.

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 290:
The treaties of peace and the treaties of commerce, the treaties relative to the international organization, the treaties that engage the finances of the State, those that modify the provisions of a legislative nature as well as those relative to the status of persons may not be ratified except by virtue of a law.

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 291:
The Republic of Burundi may create with other States international organizations of common administration and coordination and of free cooperation. It may conclude agreements of association or of community with other States.

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 292:
The treaties take effect only after having been regularly ratified and under reserve of their application by the other party in the case of bilateral treaties[,] and the realization of the conditions for the entry into force specified by them for the multilateral treaties.

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 293:
The agreements authorizing the storing of toxic wastes and other matters that could gravely infringe the environment are prohibited.

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 294:
The Corps of Defense and Security may participate in international operations for the maintenance of peace in the world. No Burundian force may be deployed exterior to the national frontiers without prior authorization of the President of the Republic after consultation with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and with the National Council of Security.
The National Assembly and the Senate must be informed within a time period not exceeding seven days.

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 295:
Any cession, any exchange, any adjunction of territory is only valid with the consent of the Burundian People called to pronounce itself by referendum.

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 296:
When the Constitutional Court, referred to [the matter] by the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, a quarter of the members of the National Assembly or of the Senate, has declared that an international engagement contains a clause contrary to the Constitution, the authorization to ratify this engagement may only intervene except after amendment or revision of the Constitution.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Life
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 24:
Every woman, every man has the right to life.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Torture
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 25:
Every woman, every man has the right to the freedom of their person, notably to the physical and psychical integrity and to the freedom of movement. No one shall be submitted to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading penalties or treatments.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Equality
Page 4, Preamble:
Reaffirming our unwavering [inébranlable] determination to put an end to the profound causes of the continuous state of the ethnic and political violence, of genocide and of exclusion, of effusion of blood, of insecurity and of political instability, which have plunged the People into distress and suffering and compromise gravely the perspectives for economical development and the realization of equality and of social justice in our country;

Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 13:
All Burundians are equal in [their] merits and dignity. All citizens enjoy the same rights and have right to the same protection of the law. No Burundian may be excluded from the social, economical or political life of the nation because of their race, of their language, of their religion, of their sex or of their ethnic origin.

Page 7, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 16:
The Burundian Government must be composed so that all Burundians are represented in it and that it represents them all; that every one has equal opportunities to be a part of it; that all citizens have access to the public services and that the decisions and the actions of the Government obtain the largest possible support.

Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 22:
All citizens are equal before the law, which assures them an equal protection. No one may be subject to discrimination notably because of their origin, of their race, of their ethnicity, of their sex, of their color, of their language, of their social situation, of their religious, philosophical or political convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they are carriers of the HIV/AIDS or of any other
incurable disease.

Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 70:
...
All citizens are equal concerning [devant] public responsibilities [charges].
Exoneration may only be established except by the law.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 247:
The Corps of Defense and of Security develop within them a nondiscriminatory, non-ethnicist and non-sexist culture.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 257:
The Corps of Defense and of Security are open without discrimination to all Burundian citizens who desire to be a part of them. Their organization is based on volunteering and on professionalism.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Slavery
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 26:
No one shall be held in slavery or in servitude. Slavery and trafficking in slaves are prohibited in all their forms.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Liberty and security of person
Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 39:
No one shall be deprived of their liberty, if it is not in accordance with the law.
One may only be charged, arrested, detained or judged in the cases determined by the law promulgated prior to the acts alleged against them.
The right to defense is guaranteed before all the jurisdictions.
No one may be deprived [distrait], against their will, of the judge that the law assigns to them.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Humane treatment in detention
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 25:
Every woman, every man has the right to the freedom of their person, notably to the physical and psychical integrity and to the freedom of movement. No one shall be submitted to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading penalties or treatments.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of movement
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 25:
Every woman, every man has the right to the freedom of their person, notably to the physical and psychical integrity and to the freedom of movement. No one shall be submitted to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading penalties or treatments.

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 33:
All Burundian citizens have the right to circulate and to establish themselves freely wherever in the national territory, as well as [the right] to leave it and to return to it.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of association
Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 31:
The freedom of assembly and of association is guaranteed, as well as the right to found associations or organizations in accordance with the law.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Fair trial
Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 38:
Every person has the right, in a judicial or administrative procedure, that their cause is to be heard equitably and to be judged within a reasonable time period.

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 38:
No one shall be deprived of their liberty, if it is not in accordance with the law.
One may only be charged, arrested, detained or judged in the cases determined by the law promulgated prior to the acts alleged against them.
The right to defense is guaranteed before all the jurisdictions.
No one may be deprived [distrait], against their will, of the judge that the law assigns to them.

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 39:
No one shall be deprived of their liberty, if it is not in accordance with the law.
One may only be charged, arrested, detained or judged in the cases determined by the law promulgated prior to the acts alleged against them.
The right to defense is guaranteed before all the jurisdictions.
No one may be deprived [distrait], against their will, of the judge that the law assigns to them.

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 40:
Any person accused of a delinquent act is presumed innocent until their culpability has been legally established in the course of a public process [procés] during which all the guarantees necessary for their free defense have been assured to them.

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 41:
No one shall be condemned for actions or omissions which, when they were committed, did not constitute an infraction.
In the same way [de meme], more severe penalties than those applicable at the moment the infraction was committed may not be inflicted.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Privacy and family life
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 28:
Every woman, every man has the right to respect for their private life and for their family life, for their domicile and their personal communications.

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 29:
The freedom to marry is guaranteed, as well as the right to choose his or her partner. The marriage may only be concluded with the free and full consent of the future spouses.
The marriage between two persons of the same sex is prohibited.

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 30:
The family is the natural base cell of society. The marriage is for it [en est] the legitimate support. Family and marriage are placed under the particular protection of the State.
Parents have the natural right and the duty to educate and raise their children. They are supported in this task by the State and the public collectivities.
Every child has the right, on the part of their family, of the society and of the State to the measures of special protection required by their condition as [a] minor.

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 43:
No one may be subject to arbitrary infringement [immixtion] of their private life, their family, their domicile or their correspondence, or to threats to their honor and to their reputation.
Searches or domiciliary visits may only be ordered within the forms and conditions determined by the law.
The secrecy of correspondence and of communication is guaranteed within the respect for the forms and conditions determined by the law.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Vote and take part
Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 8:
Suffrage is universal, equal, free and transparent. It may be direct or indirect under the conditions specified by the law.
All Burundians being already [révolus] eighteen years of age and enjoying their civil and political rights[,] are electors, within the conditions determined by the electoral code.

Page 16, TITLE IV: OF THE ELECTIONS, Article 86:
The right to vote is guaranteed.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Thought, opinion, conscience and religion
Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 31:
The freedom of expression is guaranteed. The State respects the freedom of religion, of thought, of conscience and of opinion.

Page 55, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION, Article 284:
The National Council of Communication sees to the freedom of audio-visual and written communication within the respect for the law, for public order and for morality.
The National Council of Communication has, to this effect, a power of decision notably in [the] matter of the respect for and the promotion of the freedom of the press and the equitable access of the diverse political, social, economical and cultural opinions to the public media.
The National Council of Communication plays equally a consultative role vis-a-vis the Government in [the] matter of communication.

Page 55, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION, Article 285:
The National Council of Communication is composed of members chosen in the sector of communication and in the diverse sectors [milieux] of users of the media, on the base of the interest that they bear [portent] for social communication, [and] for the freedom of the press, of expression and of opinion.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Other
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 21:
Human dignity is respected and protected. All threat [atteinte] to human dignity is punished by the penal code.

Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 49:
No citizen may be forced into exile.

Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 50:
The right of asylum is recognized in the conditions specified by the law.
Extradition is only authorized within the limits specified by the law.
No Burundian may be extradited abroad except if they are prosecuted by an international penal jurisdiction for crime of genocide, crime of war or other crimes against humanity.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 59:
Any foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic enjoys the protection granted to persons and to assets [biens] by virtue of this Constitution and of the law.
A foreigner prosecuted for crime of genocide, crime against humanity, crime of war or act[s] of terrorism may be extradited.

Page 18, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 97:
The candidate for the functions of President of the Republic must:
...
5. enjoy all his civil and political rights;

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 165:
The candidate to the legislative elections must be of Burundian nationality and origin, be twenty-five years old at least, [and] enjoy all of their civil and political rights.

Page 34, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 179:
The candidate to the elections of the Senators must be of Burundian nationality, being already thirty-five years old at the moment of the elections, [and] enjoy all their civil and political rights.
Socio-economic rights: Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Property
Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 36:
Every person has the right to property.
One may only be deprived of their property for cause of public utility, in the cases and in the manner established by the law and subject to a fair and prior indemnification[,] or in the execution of a judicial decision taken with finality [force de chose jugée/force of [the] thing judged/ Res judicata].
Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Work
Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 37:
The right to found trade unions [syndicats] and to join them, as well as the right to strike, are recognized. The law may regulate the exercise of these rights and prohibit to certain categories of persons to go on strike.
In all the cases, these rights are prohibited to the members of the corps of defense and of security.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 54:
The State recognizes to all citizens the right to work and makes the effort to create the conditions that render the enjoyment of this right effective. It recognizes the right that every person has to enjoy just and satisfactory conditions of work and guarantees to the worker the just retribution for their services or for their production.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 57:
With equal competence, every person has the right, without any discrimination, to an equal salary for an equal work.

Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
9°. The legislation of work, of social security, of the syndical right, including the conditions for the exercise of the right to strike.
Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Health
Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 44:
Every child has the right to particular measures to assure or to ameliorate the care necessary for their well-being, for their health and for their physical security and to be protected against the bad treatments, abuse and exploitation.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 55:
Every person has the right of access to health care.
Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Education
Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 53:
Every citizen has [a] right to the equal access to instruction, to education and to culture.
The State has the duty to organize public education and to favor [its] access.
However, the right to establish private schools is guaranteed within the conditions established by the law.
Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Cultural life
Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering the necessity to restore a pluralist democratic order and a State of law;
...
• Right to culture

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 53:
Every citizen has [a] right to the equal access to instruction, to education and to culture.
Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Other
Page 4, Preamble:
...
Affirming the importance, within international relations, of the right of the Peoples
to provide for [dispose] themselves;

Page 7: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 19:
...
These fundamental rights are not subject to any restriction or derogation, except in certain circumstances justifiable by the general interest or the protection of a fundamental right.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 52:
Every person is entitled to obtain the satisfaction of the economical, social and cultural rights indispensable to their dignity and to the free development of their person, thanks [grâce] to the national effort and taking into account the resources of the country.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 58:
Each one has the right to the protection of moral and material interests deriving from all scientific, literary or artistic production of which they are the author.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 59:
Any foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic enjoys the protection granted to persons and to assets [biens] by virtue of this Constitution and of the law.
A foreigner prosecuted for crime of genocide, crime against humanity, crime of war or act[s] of terrorism may be extradited.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: Rights related issues→Citizenship→Citizens, specific rights
Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 12:
...
The children born of Burundian men or women have the same rights with regard to the law on nationality.

Page 7: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 20:
All citizens have rights and obligations.

Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 34:
No one may be arbitrarily deprived of their nationality, or of the right to change it.
Rights related issues→Citizenship→Citizen delimitation
Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, Article 12:
The quality of [being] Burundian is acquired, is conserved and is lost accordingly to the conditions determined by the law.
Democracy: Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering the necessity to restore a pluralist democratic order and a State of law;
...
Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
• The establishment and the implantation of a system of democratic governance;
...
...
Reaffirming our engagement to construct a political order and a system of government inspired by the realities of our country and founded on the values of justice, of democracy, of good governance, of pluralism, of respect for the fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual, of unity, of solidarity, of mutual understanding, of tolerance and of cooperation between the different ethnic groups of our society;

Page 13, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 61:
No one shall abuse the rights recognized by the Constitution or by the law to compromise the national unity, the peace, the democracy, the independence of Burundi, infringe the secularity of the State or violate in any other manner this Constitution.

Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 73:
Every individual has the duty to contribute to the safeguarding of peace, of democracy and of social justice.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 77:
An association without a lucrative goal regrouping the citizens around a project of [a] democratic society founded on the national unity, with a distinctive political program of precise objectives responding to the concern to serve the general interest and to assure the development of all citizens[,] constitutes a political party.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 78:
In their organization and their functioning the political parties must respond to democratic principles. They must be opened to all Burundians, and their national character must also be reflected at the level of their leadership [direction]. They may
not advocate violence, exclusion, and hatred in any of their forms, notably those based on ethnic, regional, religious or gender affiliation.

Page 16, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 84:
The external financing of the political parties is prohibited, except [an] exceptional derogation established by the law.
All financing of a nature that infringes the national independence and sovereignty is prohibited.
The law determines and organizes the sources of financing of the political parties.

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 140:
The Administration functions in accordance with the democratic values and the principles enounced by this Constitution and with the law.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 259:
The Corps of Defense and Security are composed of professionals and are nonpartisan.
Their members benefit from a technical, moral and civic training [formation]. This training focuses notably on the culture of peace[,] the conduct in a pluralist democratic political system and for the rights of Man [Droits de l'Homme].

Page 57, TITLE XIV: OF THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION, Article 299:
No procedure of revision may be retained if it infringes the national unity, the cohesion of the Burundian People, the secularity of the State, the reconciliation, the democracy or the integrity of the territory of the Republic.
Detention procedures: Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 42:
One may only be submitted to security measures in the cases and the forms specified by the law notably for reasons of public order or of the security of the State.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Governance of media
Page 51, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, Article 268:
In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:
...
• the National Council of Communication.
The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.

Page 55, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION, Article 284:
The National Council of Communication sees to the freedom of audio-visual and written communication within the respect for the law, for public order and for morality.
The National Council of Communication has, to this effect, a power of decision notably in [the] matter of the respect for and the promotion of the freedom of the press and the equitable access of the diverse political, social, economical and cultural opinions to the public media.
The National Council of Communication plays equally a consultative role vis-a-vis the Government in [the] matter of communication.

Page 55, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION, Article 285:
The National Council of Communication is composed of members chosen in the sector of communication and in the diverse sectors [milieux] of users of the media, on the base of the interest that they bear [portent] for social communication, [and] for the freedom of the press, of expression and of opinion.

Page 55, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION, Article 286:
The members of the National Council of Communication are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Page 55, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION, Article 287:
The National Council of Communication produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Page 55, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION, Article 288:
An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the National Council of Communication.
Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 8: TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 28:
Every woman, every man has the right to respect for their private life and for their family life, for their domicile and their personal communications

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 43:
No one may be subject to arbitrary infringement [immixtion] of their private life, their family, their domicile or their correspondence, or to threats to their honor and to their reputation.
Searches or domiciliary visits may only be ordered within the forms and conditions determined by the law.
The secrecy of correspondence and of communication is guaranteed within the respect for the forms and conditions determined by the law.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Page 52, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY
Article 240

The Corps of Defense and of Security are at the service of the Burundian People. They must be an instrument of protection of all the Burundian People and all the People must recognize themselves in them.
Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of groups
Page 5, Preamble
• The protection and the inclusion of the ethnic, cultural and religious minority groups into the general system of good governance;

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE
INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

Article 31,
Every child has the right, on the part of their family, of the society and of the State to the measures of special protection required by their condition as a minor.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE
INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

Article 44
Every child has the right to particular measures to assure or to ameliorate the care necessary for their well-being, for their health and for their physical security and to be protected against the bad treatments, abuse and exploitation.

Article 45
No child may be directly utilized in an armed conflict. The protection of children is assured in times of armed conflict.

Article 59
Any foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic enjoys the protection granted to persons and to assets by virtue of this Constitution and of the law.
Rights related issues→Protection measures→Other
Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

Article 58
Each one has the right to the protection of moral and material interests deriving from all scientific, literary or artistic production of which they are the author.

Page 15, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

Article 69
The public assets are sacred and inviolable. Each one is required to respect them scrupulously
and to protect them. Each Burundian has the duty to defend the patrimony of the nation.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: Rights institutions→NHRI→New or fundamentally revised NHRI
Page 35, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
...
2. Be referred to the report of the Ombudsman on all aspects of the public administration;

Page 35-36, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
…
9. Approving the appointments only to the following functions:
…
d. Ombudsman;

Page 42, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 1. OF THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE, Article 211:
The Superior Council of the Magistrature is the highest disciplinary instance of the Magistrature. It takes cognizance of the complaints of the persons or of the Ombudsman concerning the professional conduct of the Magistrates as well as of the recourses of the Magistrates against the disciplinary measures or of the claims concerning their career.

Page 46, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 3. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, Article 230:
The Constitutional Court is referred to [a matter] by the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, by one-quarter of the members of the National Assembly or one-quarter of the members of the Senate, or by the Ombudsman.

Page 46, TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN, Article 237:
The Ombudsman receives the complaints and conducts the inquiries concerning the administrative faults and the violations of the rights of the citizens committed by the agents of the public function and of the judiciary and makes recommendations on that subject to the competent authorities. He also assures a mediation between the Administration and the citizens and between the ministries and the Administration
and plays the role of an observer in what concerns the functioning of the public administration.
The law establishes the organization and the functioning of his service.

Page 46, TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN, Article 238:
The Ombudsman has at his disposal the powers and of the resources necessary to fulfill his functions. He presents every year a report to the National Assembly and to the Senate. His report is published in the Bulletin officiel du Burundi [Official Gazette
of Burundi].

Page 46, TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN, Article 239:
The Ombudsman is appointed by the National Assembly with a majority of three-quarters of its members. His appointment is subject to the approval of the Senate with a majority of two-thirds of its members.
His mandate is of six years non-renewable.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 274:
The National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity is a consultative organ given the charge of notably:
• following regularly the evolution of the Burundian society from the point of view of the issue of genocide, of war crimes and of other crimes against humanity;
• preventing and eradicating the acts of genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity;
• suggesting the measures to effectively fight against the impunity of crimes;
• promoting the creation of a regional observatory;
• promoting a national inter-ethnic front of resistance against genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity, as well as against globalization and collective culpability;
• promoting legislation against genocide, war crimes and the other crimes against humanity, and following the strict respect of it;
• proposing policies and measures for the rehabilitation of the victims of genocide, of war crimes and of other crimes against humanity;
• contributing to the implementation of a vast program of sensitization and education to peace, to unity and to national reconciliation.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 275:
The National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 276:
An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: Justice sector reform→Criminal justice and emergency law→Reform to specific laws
Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 49:
The right of asylum is recognized in the conditions specified by the law.
Extradition is only authorized within the limits specified by the law.
No Burundian may be extradited abroad except if they are prosecuted by an international penal jurisdiction for crime of genocide, crime of war or other crimes against humanity.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 59:
Any foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic enjoys the protection granted to persons and to assets [biens] by virtue of this Constitution and of the law.
A foreigner prosecuted for crime of genocide, crime against humanity, crime of war or act[s] of terrorism may be extradited.

Page 21, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 115:
When the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the nation, the integrity of the territory or the execution of its international engagements are menaced in a grave and immediate manner and the regular functioning of the public powers is interrupted, the President of the Republic may proclaim, by decree-law, the state of exception and take all the measures required by these circumstances, after official consultation with the Government, with the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate, with the National Council of Security and with the Constitutional Court.
He informs the nation by way of a message.
These measures must be inspired by the willingness to assure to the constitutional public powers, within the shortest time period, the means to accomplish their mission.
The Constitutional Court is consulted [concerning] their subject.
The Parliament may not be dissolved during the exercise of the exceptional powers

Page 22, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 117:
The President of the Republic is only penally responsible for the acts accomplished in the exercise of his functions in case of high treason.
There is high treason when, in violation of the Constitution or of the law, the President of the Republic deliberately commits an act contrary to the superior interests of the nation which gravely compromises the national unity, social peace, social justice, the development of the country, or gravely infringes the human rights, the territorial integrity, the national independence and the national sovereignty.
High treason belongs to the competence of the High Court of Justice.
The President of the Republic may only be impeached by the National Assembly and the Senate meeting in Congress and deciding by secret vote, by a majority of two-thirds of their members.
The investigation may only be conducted by a team of at least three magistrates of the General Office of Prosecutors of the Republic presided over by the General Prosecutor of the Republic.

Page 25, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 136:
The members of the Government are penally responsible for the infractions committed in the exercise of their functions. They are justiciable by the Supreme Court.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 274:
The National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity is a consultative organ given the charge of notably:
...
• promoting legislation against genocide, war crimes and the other crimes against humanity, and following the strict respect of it;
Justice sector reform→Criminal justice and emergency law→Criminal Justice System reform
Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
... 3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
... • determination of the crimes and misdemeanors as well as of the penalties applicable to them;
State of emergency provisions: Page 21, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 115:
When the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the nation, the integrity of the territory or the execution of its international engagements are menaced in a grave and immediate manner and the regular functioning of the public powers is interrupted, the President of the Republic may proclaim, by decree-law, the state of exception and take all the measures required by these circumstances, after official consultation with the Government, with the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate, with the National Council of Security and with the Constitutional Court.
He informs the nation by way of a message.
These measures must be inspired by the willingness to assure to the constitutional public powers, within the shortest time period, the means to accomplish their mission.
The Constitutional Court is consulted [concerning] their subject.
The Parliament may not be dissolved during the exercise of the exceptional powers
Judiciary and courts: Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
...
• The restructuring of the national system of security and of justice in order to guarantee the security of all Burundians, including the ethnic minorities.

Page 12-13, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 60:
The judicial power, guardian of the public rights and freedoms, assures the respect for these rights and freedoms within the conditions specified by the law.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 82:
The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security as well as the Magistrates[,] in their activities[,] are not authorized to affiliate with the political parties.

Page 22, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 117:
... High treason belongs to the competence of the High Court of Justice. [See Criminal Justice Reform]

Page 25, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 136:
[Summary] See Criminal Justice Reform. The members of the Government are justiciable by the Supreme Court.

Page 27, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 151:
The Deputies and the Senators are justiciable by the Supreme Court in accordance with the law governing this last one and that concerning the code of the organization and [that] of the judicial competence.

Page 28, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 154:
At the moment of entering into [their] functions and at the end of them, the members of the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate are required to make on their honor a written declaration of their assets and patrimony addressed to the Supreme Court.

Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
... 3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
... • organization of the jurisdictions of all orders and procedure followed before these jurisdictions, creation of new orders of jurisdiction, - determination of the status of the magistrature, of the ministerial offices and of the auxiliaries of justice;
... • organization of the bar;

Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 160:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
... The texts of legislative form intervening in these matters may be modified by presidential decree issued after opinion [avis] of the Constitutional Court.

Page 31, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 161:
The texts of regulatory form intervening in the matters relevant of the domain of the law may be modified by [the] legislative way [voie], after opinion of the Constitutional Court.

Page 32, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 170:
[Summary] The first session the National Assembly meets the eighth day after validation of its election by the Constitutional Court.

Page 34, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Article 178:
A Court of Accounts is created given the charge of examining and certifying the accounts of all the public services. It assists the Parliament in the control of the execution of the law of finances.
The Court of Accounts presents to the Parliament a report on the regularity of the general account of the State and confirms whether the funds have been used in accordance with the established procedures and with the budget approved by the Parliament.
It gives a copy of that report to the Government.
The Court of Accounts is provided with the resources necessary to accomplish its functions.
The law determines its missions, its organization, its competences, its functioning and the procedure followed before it.

Page 35, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 182:
From its first session, the Senate adopts its internal regulations which determine its organization and its functioning. It elects equally its Bureau.
The first session meets of plain right the first working day that follows the seventh day after the validation of its election by the Constitutional Court. This session is presided over by the oldest Senator.

Page 35-36, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
…
9. Approving the appointments only to the following functions:
…
e. Members of the Superior Council of the Magistrature;
f. Members of the Supreme Court;
g. Members of the Constitutional Court;
h. General Prosecutor of the Republic and Magistrates of the Office of General Prosecution of the Republic;
i. President of the Court of Appeal and President of the Administrative Court;
j. General Prosecutor before the Court of Appeal;
k. Presidents of the [Ordinary] Tribunals of First Instance, of the Tribunal of Commerce and of the Tribunal of Labor;
l. Prosecutors of the Republic;

Page 39, TITLE VII: OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE [POWER] AND THE LEGISLATIVE [POWER], Article 195:
The Government may, for the execution of its program, demand from the Parliament the authorization to take by decrees-law, for a limited time period, the measures that are normally of the domain of the law.
These decrees-laws must be ratified by the Parliament in the course of the following session.
The ratification is made by a sole vote on all of the text of the law.
In the absence of a law of ratification, they are struck down as lapsed [and] declared [lapsed] by the Constitutional Court, the case arising.

Page 39, TITLE VII: OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE [POWER] AND THE LEGISLATIVE [POWER], Article 196:
If it appears in the course of the legislative procedure, that a proposal of law or an amendment is not of the domain of the law, the Government may oppose the receivability.
In the case of disagreement between the Government and the Parliament, the Constitutional Court, at the demand of the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly or the President of the Senate, decides within a time period of eight days.

Page 39-40, TITLE VII: OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE [POWER] AND THE LEGISLATIVE [POWER], Article 197:
The President of the Republic promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament within a time period of thirty days counting from the day of their transmission, if he does not formulate any demand of a second reading or [if he] has not referred [the matter] to the Constitutional Court for unconstitutionality.
... Before promulgating the organic laws, the President of the Republic must have their conformity to the Constitution verified by the Constitutional Court.

Page 41, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, Article 205:
Justice is rendered by the courts and tribunals in all the territory of the Republic in the name of the Burundian People.
The role and the attributions of the Public Ministry are fulfilled by the Prosecuting Magistrates. However, the judges of the [Ordinary] Tribunals of Residence and the officers of the police may fulfill vis-a-vis these tribunals the duties of the Public Ministry under the surveillance of the Prosecutor of the Republic.
An organic law establishes the organization and the judicial competences.

Page 41, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, Article 206:
The hearings of the jurisdictions are public, except in case of closed session pronounced by judicial decision, when the publicity is dangerous to the public order or to morality.

Page 41, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, Article 207:
Any judicial decision must be substantiated before being pronounced in [a] public hearing.

Page 41, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, Article 208:
The judicial power is structured to reflect in its composition the whole of the population.
The procedures of recruitment and appointment in the judicial corps submit imperatively to the concern to promote regional [and] ethnic equilibrium and the equilibrium between genders.

Page 41, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, Article 209:
The judicial power is impartial and independent of the legislative power and of the executive power.
In the exercise of his functions, the judge is subject only to the Constitution and to the law.
The President of the Republic, Head of the State, is the guarantor of the independence of the Magistrature. He is assisted in this mission by the Superior Council of the Magistrature.

[Summary: Page 42-43, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 1. OF THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE, Article 210-220
THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE is the guarantor of the independence of the presiding magistrates in the exercise of their functions. This section of the Constitution defines its role, composition, appointment process and the relevant wider legal framework.]

[Summary: Page 43-44, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 2. OF THE SUPREME COURT, Article 221-224:
The Supreme Court is the highest ordinary jurisdiction of the Republic. This section of the Constitution defines its role, appointment process and the wider relevant legal framework.]

[Summary: Page 44-45, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 3. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT2. OF THE SUPREME COURT, Article 225-232:
The Constitutional Court is the jurisdiction of the State in constitutional matters. This section of the Constitution defines its role, composition and appointment process, and the relevant wider legal framework.]

[Summary: Page 45-46, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE, Article 233-236:
This section defines the composition, role, and the legal framework of the High Court of Justice.]

Page 50, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 261:
A civilian may not be subjected to the code of military justice nor judged by a military jurisdiction.
Prisons and detention: Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
...
• penitentiary regime;
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 4, Preamble:
...
Conscious of the imperative need to promote the economical and social development of our country and to assure the safeguarding of our national culture;
....
Reaffirming our unwavering [inébranlable] determination to put an end to the profound causes of the continuous state of the ethnic and political violence, of genocide and of exclusion, of effusion of blood, of insecurity and of political instability, which have plunged the People into distress and suffering and compromise gravely the perspectives for economical development and the realization of equality and of social justice in our country;

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 56:
The State has the obligation to favor the development of the country, in particular the rural development.

Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 74:
Every Burundian has the duty to contribute by their work to the construction and the prosperity of the country.

Page 51, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, Article 268:
In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:
...
• the Economical and Social Council;
...
The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.

Page 54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 4. OF THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COUNCIL, Article 280:
The Economical and Social Council is a consultative organ having competence in all the aspects of the economical and social development of the country.
It is obligatorily consulted on any project of plan of development, on issues of the environment and of the conservation of nature and on any project of regional or sub-regional integration.
The Economical and Social Council can, on its own initiative, under the form of recommendations, draw the attention of the National Assembly, of the Senate or of the Government to the reforms of economical and social order that seem conform or contrary to the general interest.
It gives[,] equally[,] its opinion on all the issues brought [portées] to its examination by the President of the Republic, the Government, the National Assembly, the Senate or by another public institution.

Page 54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 4. OF THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COUNCIL, Article 281:
The Economical and Social Council is composed of members chosen for their competence in the different socio-professional sectors of the country.
The members of the Economical and Social Council are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Page 54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 4. OF THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COUNCIL, Article 282:
The Economical and Social Council produces an annual report that it addresses to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Page 54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 4. OF THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COUNCIL, Article 283:
An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the Economical and Social Council.
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction
Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 74:
Every Burundian has the duty to contribute by their work to the construction and the prosperity of the country.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 35:
The State assures the good administration [gestion] and the rational exploitation of the natural resources of the country, while preserving the environment and the conservation of these resources for the generations to come.

Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
4°. The protection of the environment and the conservation of the natural resources;

Page 54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 4. OF THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COUNCIL, Article 280:
The Economical and Social Council is a consultative organ having competence in all the aspects of the economical and social development of the country.
It is obligatorily consulted on any project of plan of development, on issues of the environment and of the conservation of nature and on any project of regional or sub-regional integration.
The Economical and Social Council can, on its own initiative, under the form of recommendations, draw the attention of the National Assembly, of the Senate or of the Government to the reforms of economical and social order that seem conform or contrary to the general interest.
It gives[,] equally[,] its opinion on all the issues brought [portées] to its examination by the President of the Republic, the Government, the National Assembly, the Senate or by another public institution.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
6°. The nationalization and denationalization of enterprises and the transfer of property of enterprises from the public sector to the private sector;
Taxation: Socio-economic reconstruction→Taxation→Reform of taxation
Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
5°. The financial and patrimonial issues:
...
• definition of the base [l'assiette] and of the rate of the taxes and the assessments [taxes];
Banks: Socio-economic reconstruction→Banks→Central bank
Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
5°. The financial and patrimonial issues:
• regime for the emission of the currency;

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: Land, property and environment→Cultural heritage→Promotion
Page 4, Preamble:
... Conscious of the imperative need to promote the economical and social development of our country and to assure the safeguarding of our national culture;
Environment: Page 9, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 35:
The State assures the good administration [gestion] and the rational exploitation of the natural resources of the country, while preserving the environment and the conservation of these resources for the generations to come.

Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
4°. The protection of the environment and the conservation of the natural resources;

Page 56, TITLE XIII: OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, Article 293:
The agreements authorizing the storing of toxic wastes and other matters that could gravely infringe the environment are prohibited.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 6, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 14:
All Burundians have the right to live in Burundi within peace and within security. They must live together in harmony, while respecting the human dignity and tolerating their differences.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 276:

Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 70:
...
The State may proclaim the solidarity of all concerning the responsibilities that result from national and natural calamities.

Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 72:
Each Burundian has the duty to defend the national independence and the integrity of the territory.
Every citizen has the sacred duty to see and to participate in the defense of the country.
Every Burundian, [and] every foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic of Burundi[,] has the duty to not compromise the security of the State.

Page 29, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
1°. The fundamental guarantees and obligations of the citizen:
...
• constraints imposed in the interest of the national defense and of the public security, to the citizens on their persons and on their assets;

Page 47, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 242:
The maintenance of the national security and that of the national defense are submitted to the authority of the Government and to the control of the Parliament.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 255:
The State has the duty to put in place a pertinent policy of reforms in [the] matter of defense and of security that reinforces the unity and the cohesion of the Burundian. People, notably by assuring the necessary ethnic, regional and gender equilibriums.

Page 51, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, Article 268:
In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:
...
• the National Council of Security;
...
The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.

Page 53-54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 3. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SECURITY, Article 277:
The National Council of Security is a consultative organ given the charge of assisting the President of the Republic and the Government in the elaboration of the policy in [the] matters of security, in the following of the situation of the country in [the] matter of security and in the elaboration of the strategies of defense, of security and of maintenance of the order in the case of crisis.
The Council follows attentively the status of the national unity and cohesion within the Corps of Defense and of Security.
The Council may be consulted on any other issue in relation to the security of the country.
The Council produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Page 54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 3. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SECURITY, Article 278:
The members of the National Council of Security are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Page 54, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 3. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SECURITY, Article 279:
An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the National Council of Security.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
...
• The restructuring of the national system of security and of justice in order to guarantee the security of all Burundians, including the ethnic minorities.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 130:
The President of the Republic, after consultation with the two Vice-Presidents of the Republic, sees to it that the Minister given the charge of the Force of National Defense is not of the same ethnicity as the Minister responsible for the National
Police.

Page 29, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
...
• general rules of organization of the national police;

Page 47-48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 245:
The Corps of Defense and of Security consist of a force of national defense, a national police and a national intelligence [renseignements] service, all established in accordance with this Constitution.
...
The National Intelligence Service [Service National de Renseignement] is a corps designed, organized and trained to look for, centralize and exploit all information of a nature that contributes to the security of the State, of its institutions and of its international relations, as well as to the prosperity of its economy.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 248:
The organic laws determine the establishment, the missions, the organization, the instruction, the conditions of service and the functioning of the Force of National Defense, of the National Police and of the National Intelligence Service.
Armed forces: Page 4, Preamble:
...
Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:
...
• The restructuring of the national system of security and of justice in order to guarantee the security of all Burundians, including the ethnic minorities.

Page 10, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 37:
The right to found trade unions [syndicats] and to join them, as well as the right to strike, are recognized. The law may regulate the exercise of these rights and prohibit to certain categories of persons to go on strike.
In all the cases, these rights are prohibited to the members of the corps of defense and of security.

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 82:
The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security as well as the Magistrates[,] in their activities[,] are not authorized to affiliate with the political parties.

Page 24, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 130:
The President of the Republic, after consultation with the two Vice-Presidents of the Republic, sees to it that the Minister given the charge of the Force of National Defense is not of the same ethnicity as the Minister responsible for the National Police.

Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...
3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
...
• general rules of organization of the national defense;
...
• statute of the personnel of the Corps of Defense and of Security;

Page 35-36, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 2. OF THE SENATE, Article 187:
The Senate is provided with the following competences:
…
5. Controlling the application of the constitutional provisions by demanding the ethnic and gender representativeness and the equilibrium in all the State structures and institutions, notably the public administration and the Corps of Defense and of Security;
…
9. Approving the appointments only to the following functions:
a. Heads of the Corps of Defense and of Security;
…

Page 46, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 240:
The Corps of Defense and of Security are established in accordance with the law.
Apart from these, no other armed organization may not be created or raised.

Page 46, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 241:
The Corps of Defense and of Security must reflect the resolute willingness of the Burundians, as individuals and as a nation, to live as equals, in peace and harmony.
They must teach their members to act in conformity with the Constitution and the laws in force, as well as with the international conventions and agreements of which Burundi is a part, and request from them that they respect these texts.
The Corps of Defense and of Security are at the service of the Burundian People.
They must be an instrument of protection of all the Burundian People and all the People must recognize themselves in them.

Page 47, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 243:
The Corps of Defense and of Security must render account of their actions and work in all transparency.
Parliamentary commissions given the charge of supervising the work of the Corps of Defense and of Security, are created in accordance with the legislative texts in force and following the regulations of the Parliament.

Page 47, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 244:
Neither the Corps of Defense and of Security, nor any of their members may, in the exercise of their functions:
a. Infringe the interests of a political party which, in the terms of the Constitution, is legal;
b. Manifest their political preferences;
c. Favor in a partisan manner the interests of a political party;
d. Be a member of a political party or of an association with a political character;
e. Participate in activities or manifestations of a political character.
The law concerning the organization and the functioning of the Corps of Defense and of Security punishes the violation of it.

Page 47-48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 245:
The Corps of Defense and of Security consist of a force of national defense, a national police and a national intelligence [renseignements] service, all established in accordance with this Constitution.
The National Defense Force of Burundi is an armed corps designed, organized and trained for the defense of the integrity of the territory, of the independence and of the sovereignty of the Nation.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 246:
The Corps of Defense and of Security are subordinated to the civilian authority within the respect for the Constitution, for the law and for the regulations.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 247:
The Corps of Defense and of Security develop within them a nondiscriminatory, non-ethnicist and non-sexist culture.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 248:
The organic laws determine the establishment, the missions, the organization, the instruction, the conditions of service and the functioning of the Force of National Defense, of the National Police and of the National Intelligence Service.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 249:
Within the limits determined by the Constitution and the laws, only the President of the Republic may authorize the use of the Armed Forces:
a. In the defense of the State;
b. In the restoration of order and of the public security;
c. In the fulfillment of the international obligations and engagements.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 250:
When the Force of National Defense is used in one of the cases cited in the paragraph above, the President consults officially the competent instances [so] enabled and informs the Parliament promptly and in a detailed manner concerning:
a. The reason or reasons for the use of the Force of National Defense;
b. All places where this force is deployed;
c. The period for which this force is deployed.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 251:
If the Parliament is not in session, the President convokes it in an extraordinary session within the seven days following the use of the Force of National Defense.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 252:
The Corps of Defense and of Security respect the rights and the dignity of their members within the framework of the normative [normales] constraints of discipline and instruction.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 253:
The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security have the right to be informed about the socio-political life of the country and to receive a civic education.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 256:
The Corps of Defense and of Security are organized in a manner that guarantees the unity within themselves [en leur sein], the political neutrality of the members as well as the impartiality in the accomplishment of their missions.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 257:
The Corps of Defense and of Security are open without discrimination to all Burundian citizens who desire to be a part of them. Their organization is based on volunteering and on professionalism.
During a period to be determined by the Senate, the Corps of Defense and of Security may not include more than 50% of the members belonging to a particular
ethnic group, taking into account the necessity to assure the ethnic equilibrium and to prevent the acts of genocide and the coups d'Etat.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 258:
The correction of the disequilibrium within the Corps of Defense and of Security is approached [abordée] progressively in a spirit of reconciliation and trust in order to secure all Burundians.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 259:
The Corps of Defense and Security are composed of professionals and are nonpartisan.
Their members benefit from a technical, moral and civic training [formation]. This training focuses notably on the culture of peace[,] the conduct in a pluralist
democratic political system and for the rights of Man [Droits de l'Homme].

Page 50, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 260:
The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security are trained at all levels in the respect for international humanitarian law and for the primacy of the Constitution.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 3. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SECURITY, Article 277:
...
The Council follows attentively the status of the national unity and cohesion within the Corps of Defense and of Security.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: Page 47-48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 245:
The Corps of Defense and of Security consist of a force of national defense, a national police and a national intelligence [renseignements] service, all established in accordance with this Constitution.
...
The National Intelligence Service [Service National de Renseignement] is a corps designed, organized and trained to look for, centralize and exploit all information of a nature that contributes to the security of the State, of its institutions and of its international relations, as well as to the prosperity of its economy.

Page 48, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 248:
The organic laws determine the establishment, the missions, the organization, the instruction, the conditions of service and the functioning of the Force of National Defense, of the National Police and of the National Intelligence Service.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 254:
All foreign intervention outside the international conventions is prohibited. All recourse to foreign forces is prohibited, except in the case of authorization by the President of the Republic.
Corruption: Page 14, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 69:
The public assets are sacred and inviolable. Each one is required to respect them scrupulously and to protect them. Each Burundian has the duty to defend the patrimony of the nation.
Any act of sabotage, of vandalism, of corruption, of diversion or of squandering, or any other act that infringes the public good is punished in the conditions specified by the law.

Page 21, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 116:
The President of the Republic may be declared relieved of his functions for grave fault, grave abuse or corruption, by a resolution taken by two-thirds of the members
of the National Assembly and of the Senate meeting [together].

Page 26, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Article 141:
All the agents of the public administration exercise their functions, in a manner to serve all the users of the public services in an efficient, impartial and equitable way.
The diversion of public funds, corruption, the extortion of funds and racketeering are punished in accordance with the law.

Page 51, TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES, Article 266:
...
For the first elections, every Communal Council elects within it a Communal administrator and may remove him from his functions for a valid reason, such as corruption, incompetence, grave fault or diversion of funds. For the following elections, the National Assembly and the Senate may, after evaluation, legislate [that] the Administrator should be elected by universal direct suffrage.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 59:
Any foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic enjoys the protection granted to persons and to assets [biens] by virtue of this Constitution and of the law.
A foreigner prosecuted for crime of genocide, crime against humanity, crime of war or act[s] of terrorism may be extradited.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Power to amnesty
Page 21, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 113:
The President of the Republic has the right of pardon which he exercises after consultation with the two Vice-Presidents of the Republic and after [the] opinion of the Superior Council of the Magistrature.

Page 30, TITLE VI: OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER, 1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE, Article 159:
[The following] are of the domain of the law:
...3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:
• amnesty.

Page 45, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE, Article 234:
...The decisions of the High Court of Justice are not susceptible to any recourse, except by pardon or revision.
Courts: Transitional justice→Courts→International courts
Page 11, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 49:
The right of asylum is recognized in the conditions specified by the law.
Extradition is only authorized within the limits specified by the law.
No Burundian may be extradited abroad except if they are prosecuted by an international penal jurisdiction for crime of genocide, crime of war or other crimes against humanity.

Page 12, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 59:
Any foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic enjoys the protection granted to persons and to assets [biens] by virtue of this Constitution and of the law.
A foreigner prosecuted for crime of genocide, crime against humanity, crime of war or act[s] of terrorism may be extradited.
Mechanism: Page 4, Preamble:
Reaffirming our unwavering [inébranlable] determination to put an end to the profound causes of the continuous state of the ethnic and political violence, of genocide and of exclusion, of effusion of blood, of insecurity and of political
instability, which have plunged the People into distress and suffering and compromise gravely the perspectives for economical development and the realization of equality and of social justice in our country;

Page 7, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 17:
The Government has as [its] task to realize the aspirations of the Burundian People, in particular to heal the divisions of the past, to ameliorate the quality of life of all Burundians and to guarantee to all the possibility to live in Burundi protected from fear, from discrimination, from disease and from hunger.

Page 42, TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER, 1. OF THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE, Article 213:
The Superior Council of the Magistrature assists the President of the Republic and the Government in:
...
3. the elaboration of the strategies in [the] matter of the fight against impunity.

Page 51, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, Article 268:
In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:
...
• the National Observatory [Observatoire] for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity;
...
The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 274:
The National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity is a consultative organ given the charge of notably:
• following regularly the evolution of the Burundian society from the point of view of the issue of genocide, of war crimes and of other crimes against humanity;
• preventing and eradicating the acts of genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity;
• suggesting the measures to effectively fight against the impunity of crimes;
• promoting the creation of a regional observatory;
• promoting a national inter-ethnic front of resistance against genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity, as well as against globalization and collective culpability;
• promoting legislation against genocide, war crimes and the other crimes against humanity, and following the strict respect of it;
• proposing policies and measures for the rehabilitation of the victims of genocide, of war crimes and of other crimes against humanity;
• contributing to the implementation of a vast program of sensitization and education to peace, to unity and to national reconciliation.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 275:
The National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Page 53, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Article 276:
An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 7, TITLE I: OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, Article 18:
The function of the political regime is to unite, to reassure and to reconcile all Burundians. This regime sees to it that the Government put in place is at the service of the Burundian people, source of its power and of its authority.

Page 13, TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN, Article 64:
Every Burundian has the duty to preserve and to reinforce the national unity in accordance with the Charte de l'Unité Nationale [Charter of the National Unity].

Page 15, TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES, Article 77:
An association without a lucrative goal regrouping the citizens around a project of [a] democratic society founded on the national unity, with a distinctive political program of precise objectives responding to the concern to serve the general interest and to assure the development of all citizens[,] constitutes a political party.

Page 20, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 1. Of the President of the Republic, Article 106:
At the moment of entering into [his] function, the President of the Republic solemnly takes the following oath, received by the Constitutional Court before the Parliament:
Before the Burundian People, sole holder of the national sovereignty, I, (enounce the name), President of the Republic of Burundi, swear fidelity to the Charter of the National Unity, to the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi and to the law and engage myself to dedicate all my forces to the defense of the superior interests of the nation, to assure the national unity and the cohesion of the Burundian People, [and] social peace and justice. I engage myself to fight any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, to promote and to defend the individual and collective rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen, and to safeguard the integrity and the independence of the Republic of Burundi.

Page 23, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 2. OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC, Article 127:
At the moment of entering into [their] functions, the Vice-Presidents solemnly take the following oath, received by the Constitutional Court, before the Parliament:
Before the Burundian people, sole holder of the national sovereignty, I (enounce the name), Vice-President of the Republic of Burundi, swear fidelity to the Charter of the National Unity, to the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi and to the law and
engage myself to dedicate all my forces to the defense of the superior interests of the nation, to assure the unity and the national cohesion of the Burundian people, social peace and justice. I engage myself to fighting any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, to promoting and defending the individual and collective rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen, and to safeguarding the integrity and the independence of the Republic of Burundi.

Page 25, TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER, 3. OF THE GOVERNMENT, Article 133:
...
At the moment of entering into their functions, the members of the Government solemnly take the following oath before the Parliament and the President of the Republic:
"Before the President of the Republic, before the Parliament, I (enounce the name), swear fidelity to the Charter of the National Unity, to the Constitution and to the law. I engage myself to consecrate all my forces to the defense of the superior interests of the nation, to promote the unity and the cohesion of the Burundian People, social peace and justice in the accomplishment of the functions entrusted in me. I engage myself to fight any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, and to promote and to defend the rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen."

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 255:
The State has the duty to put in place a pertinent policy of reforms in [the] matter of defense and of security that reinforces the unity and the cohesion of the Burundian. People, notably by assuring the necessary ethnic, regional and gender equilibriums.

Page 49, TITLE X: OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY, Article 258:
The correction of the disequilibrium within the Corps of Defense and of Security is approached [abordée] progressively in a spirit of reconciliation and trust in order to secure all Burundians.

Page 51, TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES, Article 267:
The State sees to the harmonious and equilibrated development of all the communes of the country on the base of the national solidarity.

Page 51, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, Article 268:
In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:
• the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation;
...
The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.

Page 52, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION, Article 269:
The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is a consultative organ given the charge of notably:
• conducting reflections and giving advice on all essential issues related to unity, to peace and to national reconciliation, in particular those relating to the prioritizing missions of the institutions;
• following regularly the evolution of the Burundian society from the point of view of the issue of the national unity and of reconciliation;
• producing periodically a report on the status of the national unity and of the reconciliation and bring it to the cognizance of the nation;
• emitting proposals in view of the improvement of the situation of the national unity and of the reconciliation in the country;
• conceiving and initiating the necessary actions in view of rehabilitating the institution of Ubushingantahe, to make of it an instrument of peace and of social cohesion;
• emitting opinions and proposals on other matters of interest to the nation.
The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is consulted by the President of the Republic, the Government, the National Assembly and the Senate. On its own initiative, it may equally emit opinions and render them public.

Page 52, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION, Article 270:
The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is composed of notable persons recognized for their moral integrity and the interest they bear [portent] for the life of the nation and more particularly to its unity.
The members of the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Page 52, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION, Article 271:
The members of the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation must take an oath to defend the national unity and to promote reconciliation.

Page 52, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION, Article 272:
The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Page 52, TITLE XII: OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS, 1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION, Article 273:
An organic law specifies the composition and establishes the organization and the functioning of the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation.

Page 57, TITLE XIV: OF THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION, Article 299:
No procedure of revision may be retained if it infringes the national unity, the cohesion of the Burundian People, the secularity of the State, the reconciliation, the democracy or the integrity of the territory of the Republic.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: https://www.uantwerpen.be/

Burundi's Constitution of 2005

Table of contents

Preamble

TITLE I:

OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE

1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES

2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES

TITLE II:

OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN 2.

OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

TITLE III:

OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES

TITLE IV:

OF THE ELECTIONS

TITLE V:

OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER

1. OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC

2. OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC

3. OF THE GOVERNMENT

4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

TITLE VI:

OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER

1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE

2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

3. OF THE SENATE

4. OF THE PROCEDURE OF ADOPTION OF THE LAWS

TITLE VII:

OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEGISLATIVE

TITLE VIII:

OF THE JUDICIAL POWER

1. OF THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE

2. OF THE SUPREME COURT

3. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE

TITLE IX:

OF THE OMBUDSMAN

TITLE X:

OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY

TITLE XI:

OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES

TITLE XII:

OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS

1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION

2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY

3. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SECURITY

4. OF THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION

TITLE XIII:

OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

TITLE XIV:

OF THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION

TITLE XV:

OF THE PARTICULAR PROVISIONS FOR THE FIRST POST-TRANSITION PERIOD

TITLE XVI:

OF THE TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

TITLE XVII:

OF THE FINAL PROVISIONS

Preamble

WE, BURUNDIAN PEOPLE

Conscious of our responsibilities and of our duties before history and the future generations;

Reaffirming our faith in the ideal of peace, of reconciliation and of national unity in accordance with the Agreement of Arusha for Peace and Reconciliation in Burundi of August the 28th, 2000 and with the Agreements of Cease-Fire;

Considering the necessity to restore a pluralist democratic order and a State of law;

Proclaiming our attachment to the respect of the fundamental rights of the human person as they result notably from the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man of 10 December 1948, from the International Pacts relatives to the rights of man of 16 December 1966 and from the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples of 18 June 1981;

Considering our attachment to social peace and justice;

Conscious of the imperative need to promote the economical and social development of our country and to assure the safeguarding of our national culture;

Reaffirming our determination to defend the sovereignty and the political and economical independence of our country;

Affirming the importance, within international relations, of the right of the Peoples to provide for themselves;

Considering that the relations between Peoples must be characterized by peace, amity and cooperation in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of June the 26th, 1945;

Reaffirming our attachment to the cause of the African unity in accordance with the Constitutive Act of the African Union of 25 May 2002;

Reaffirming our unwavering determination to put an end to the profound causes of the continuous state of the ethnic and political violence, of genocide and of exclusion, of effusion of blood, of insecurity and of political instability, which have plunged the People into distress and suffering and compromise gravely the perspectives for economical development and the realization of equality and of social justice in our country;

Considering that to reach to this result, the following constitutional and legal principles must be guaranteed:

The establishment and the implantation of a system of democratic governance;

The inclusion of the minority political parties into the general system of good governance;

The protection and the inclusion of the ethnic, cultural and religious minority groups into the general system of good governance;

The restructuring of the national system of security and of justice in order to guarantee the security of all Burundians, including the ethnic minorities.

Reaffirming our engagement to construct a political order and a system of government inspired by the realities of our country and founded on the values of justice, of democracy, of good governance, of pluralism, of respect for the fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual, of unity, of solidarity, of mutual understanding, of tolerance and of cooperation between the different ethnic groups of our society;

SOLEMNLY ADOPT THIS CONSTITUTION, WHICH IS THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI.

TITLE I:

OF THE STATE AND OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE

1. OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES Article 1

Burundi is an independent, sovereign, secular, democratic, and unitary Republic, respecting its ethnic and religious diversity.

Article 2

The national territory of Burundi is inalienable and indivisible.

Article 3

Burundi is subdivided into provinces, communes, zones and collines, and all other subdivisions specified by the law.

Their organization and functioning are established by the law.

It can modify the limits and the number of them.

Article 4

The status and the reestablishment of the monarchy may be the object of a referendum.

Any party militating peacefully in favor of the restoration of the monarchy has the right to function.

Article 5

The national language is Kirundi.

The official languages are Kirundi and all other languages determined by the law.

All the legislative texts must have their original version in Kirundi.

Article 6

The principle of the Republic of Burundi is the Government of the People, by the People and for the People.

Article 7

The national sovereignty belongs to the people who exercise it, either directly by way of referendum, or indirectly through their representatives.

No fraction of the People, no individual may arrogate its exercise.

Suffrage is universal, equal, free and transparent.

It may be direct or indirect under the conditions specified by the law.

All Burundians being already eighteen years of age and enjoying their civil and political rights, are electors, within the conditions determined by the electoral code.

Article 9

The capital of Burundi is established at Bujumbura.

The law may transfer it to any other place in the Republic.

Article 10

The flag of Burundi is tricolor:

green, white and red.

It has the form of a rectangle divided by a saltire, with a white disc stamped in its center with three six-pointed red stars that form a fictive equilateral triangle inscribed within a fictive circle having the same center as the disc and whose base is parallel to the length of the flag.

The law specifies the dimensions and the other details of the flag.

Article 11

The motto of Burundi is "Unité, Travail, Progrés [Unity, Work, Progress]".

The emblem of the Republic of Burundi is a shield stamped with the head of the lion as well as with three lances, all of it surrounded by the national motto.

The national anthem is "Burundi Bwacu."

The seal of the Republic is determined by the law.

Article 12

The quality of being Burundian is acquired, is conserved and is lost accordingly to the conditions determined by the law.

The children born of Burundian men or women have the same rights with regard to the law on nationality.

2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES Article 13

All Burundians are equal in their merits and dignity.

All citizens enjoy the same rights and have right to the same protection of the law.

No Burundian may be excluded from the social, economical or political life of the nation because of their race, of their language, of their religion, of their sex or of their ethnic origin.

Article 14

All Burundians have the right to live in Burundi within peace and within security.

They must live together in harmony, while respecting the human dignity and tolerating their differences.

Article 15

The Government is constructed on the willingness of the Burundian People.

It is responsible before them and respects their fundamental freedoms and rights.

Article 16

The Burundian Government must be composed so that all Burundians are represented in it and that it represents them all;

that every one has equal opportunities to be a part of it;

that all citizens have access to the public services and that the decisions and the actions of the Government obtain the largest possible support.

Article 17

The Government has as its task to realize the aspirations of the Burundian People, in particular to heal the divisions of the past, to ameliorate the quality of life of all Burundians and to guarantee to all the possibility to live in Burundi protected from fear, from discrimination, from disease and from hunger.

Article 18

The function of the political regime is to unite, to reassure and to reconcile all Burundians.

This regime sees to it that the Government put in place is at the service of the Burundian People, source of its power and of its authority.

The Government respects the separation of powers, the primacy of the law and the principles of good governance and of transparency in the conduct of public affairs.

TITLE II:

OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES, OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

Article 19

The rights and the duties proclaimed and guaranteed, among others, by the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man, the International Pacts relative to the rights of man, the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination concerning Women and the Convention relative to the rights of the child are an integral part of the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi.

These fundamental rights are not subject to any restriction or derogation, except in certain circumstances justifiable by the general interest or the protection of a fundamental right.

Article 20

All citizens have rights and obligations.

1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

Article 21

Human dignity is respected and protected.

All threat to human dignity is punished by the penal code.

Article 22

All citizens are equal before the law, which assures them an equal protection.

No one may be subject to discrimination notably because of their origin, of their race, of their ethnicity, of their sex, of their color, of their language, of their social situation of their religious, philosophical or political convictions or because of a physical or mental handicap or because they are carriers of the HIV/AIDS or of any other incurable disease.

Article 23

No one shall be treated in an arbitrarily manner by the State or its organs.

The State has the obligation to indemnify any person made a victim of arbitrary treatment by its act or of the act of its organs.

Article 24

Every woman, every man has the right to life.

Article 25

Every woman, every man has the right to the freedom of their person, notably to the physical and psychical integrity and to the freedom of movement.

No one shall be submitted to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading penalties or treatments.

Article 26

No one shall be held in slavery or in servitude.

Slavery and trafficking in slaves are prohibited in all their forms.

Article 27

The State sees, within the measure of possible, that all citizens dispose of the means to lead an existence in accordance with human dignity.

Article 28

Every woman, every man has the right to respect for their private life and for their family life, for their domicile and their personal communications.

Article 29

The freedom to marry is guaranteed, as well as the right to choose his or her partner.

The marriage may only be concluded with the free and full consent of the future spouses.

The marriage between two persons of the same sex is prohibited.

Article 30

The family is the natural base cell of society.

The marriage is for it the legitimate support.

Family and marriage are placed under the particular protection of the State.

Parents have the natural right and the duty to educate and raise their children.

They are supported in this task by the State and the public collectivities.

Every child has the right, on the part of their family, of the society and of the State to the measures of special protection required by their condition as a minor.

Article 31

The freedom of expression is guaranteed.

The State respects the freedom of religion, of thought, of conscience and of opinion.

Article 32

The freedom of assembly and of association is guaranteed, as well as the right to found associations or organizations in accordance with the law.

Article 33

All Burundian citizens have the right to circulate and to establish themselves freely wherever in the national territory, as well as the right to leave it and to return to it.

Article 34

No one may be arbitrarily deprived of their nationality, or of the right to change it.

Article 35

The State assures the good administration and the rational exploitation of the natural resources of the country, while preserving the environment and the conservation of these resources for the generations to come.

Article 36

Every person has the right to property.

One may only be deprived of their property for cause of public utility, in the cases and in the manner established by the law and subject to a fair and prior indemnification, or in the execution of a judicial decision taken with finality [Res judicata].

Article 37

The right to found trade unions and to join them, as well as the right to strike, are recognized.

The law may regulate the exercise of these rights and prohibit to certain categories of persons to go on strike.

In all the cases, these rights are prohibited to the members of the corps of defense and of security.

Article 38

Every person has the right, in a judicial or administrative procedure, that their cause is to be heard equitably and to be judged within a reasonable time period.

Article 39

No one shall be deprived of their liberty, if it is not in accordance with the law.

One may only be charged, arrested, detained or judged in the cases determined by the law promulgated prior to the acts alleged against them.

The right to defense is guaranteed before all the jurisdictions.

No one may be deprived, against their will, of the judge that the law assigns to them.

Article 40

Any person accused of a delinquent act is presumed innocent until their culpability has been legally established in the course of a public trials during which all the guarantees necessary for their free defense have been assured to them.

Article 41

No one shall be condemned for actions or omissions which, when they were committed, did not constitute an infraction.

In the same way, more severe penalties than those applicable at the moment the infraction was committed may not be inflicted.

Article 42

One may only be submitted to security measures in the cases and the forms specified by the law notably for reasons of public order or of the security of the State.

Article 43

No one may be subject to arbitrary infringement of their private life, their family, their domicile or their correspondence, or to threats to their honor and to their reputation.

Searches or domiciliary visits may only be ordered within the forms and conditions determined by the law.

The secrecy of correspondence and of communication is guaranteed within the respect for the forms and conditions determined by the law.

Article 44

Every child has the right to particular measures to assure or to ameliorate the care necessary for their well-being, for their health and for their physical security and to be protected against the bad treatments, abuse and exploitation.

Article 45

No child may be directly utilized in an armed conflict.

The protection of children is assured in times of armed conflict.

Article 46

No child may be detained except as last resort, in which case the duration of the detention will be as short as possible.

Every child has the right to be separated from the detainees older than 16 years of age and to be subject to a treatment and to conditions of detention adapted to their age.

Article 47

Any restriction of a fundamental right must be founded on a legal basis;

it must be justified by the general interest or by the protection of a fundamental right of others;

it must be proportionate to the specified goal.

Article 48

The fundamental rights must be respected within the whole of the juridical, administrative and institutional order.

The Constitution is the supreme law.

The legislative, the executive and the judicial powers must have it respected.

Any law not in conformity with the Constitution is struck down as null.

Article 49

No citizen may be forced into exile.

Article 50

The right of asylum is recognized in the conditions specified by the law.

Extradition is only authorized within the limits specified by the law.

No Burundian may be extradited abroad except if they are prosecuted by an international penal jurisdiction for crime of genocide, crime of war or other crimes against humanity.

Article 51

Every Burundian has the right to participate, either directly or indirectly through their representatives, in the direction and in the administration of the affairs of the State, under reserve of the legal conditions, notably of age and of capability.

Every Burundian has equally the right to accede to the public functions of their country.

Article 52

Every person is entitled to obtain the satisfaction of the economical, social and cultural rights indispensable to their dignity and to the free development of their person, thanks to the national effort and taking into account the resources of the country.

Article 53

Every citizen has the right to the equal access to instruction, to education and to culture.

The State has the duty to organize public education and to favor its access.

However, the right to establish private schools is guaranteed within the conditions established by the law.

Article 54

The State recognizes to all citizens the right to work and makes the effort to create the conditions that render the enjoyment of this right effective.

It recognizes the right that every person has to enjoy just and satisfactory conditions of work and guarantees to the worker the just retribution for their services or for their production.

Article 55

Every person has the right of access to health care.

Article 56

The State has the obligation to favor the development of the country, in particular the rural development.

Article 57

With equal competence, every person has the right, without any discrimination, to an equal salary for an equal work.

Article 58

Each one has the right to the protection of moral and material interests deriving from all scientific, literary or artistic production of which they are the author.

Article 59

Any foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic enjoys the protection granted to persons and to assets by virtue of this Constitution and of the law.

A foreigner prosecuted for crime of genocide, crime against humanity, crime of war or acts of terrorism may be extradited.

Article 60

The judicial power, guardian of the public rights and freedoms, assures the respect for these rights and freedoms within the conditions specified by the law.

Article 61

No one shall abuse the rights recognized by the Constitution or by the law to compromise the national unity, the peace, the democracy, the independence of Burundi, infringe the secularity of the State or violate in any other manner this Constitution.

2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND OF THE CITIZEN

Article 62

Every person has the duty to respect their compatriots and to show them consideration, without any discrimination.

Article 63

Each citizen has duties toward the family and the society, toward the State and the other public collectivities.

Article 64

Every Burundian has the duty to preserve and to reinforce the national unity in accordance with the Charter of the National Unity.

Article 65

Each one is required to respect the laws and the institutions of the Republic.

Article 66

Each Burundian has the duty to preserve the harmonious development of the family and to act in favor of the cohesion and the respect for that family, to respect at every moment their parents, to nourish them and to assist them in case of necessity.

Article 67

Each individual has the duty to respect and to consider their fellow man without any discrimination, and to maintain with them relations that permit them to promote, to safeguard and to reinforce respect and tolerance.

Article 68

Each Burundian must see, in their relations with society, to the preservation and to the reinforcement of the Burundian cultural values and contribute to the establishment of a morally healthy society.

Article 69

The public assets are sacred and inviolable.

Each one is required to respect them scrupulously and to protect them.

Each Burundian has the duty to defend the patrimony of the nation.

Any act of sabotage, of vandalism, of corruption, of diversion or of squandering, or any other act that infringes the public good is punished in the conditions specified by the law.

Article 70

All citizens are required to fulfill their civic obligations and to defend the country.

Each one has the duty to work for the common good and to fulfill their professional obligations.

All citizens are equal concerning public responsibilities.

Exoneration may only be established except by the law.

The State may proclaim the solidarity of all concerning the responsibilities that result from national and natural calamities.

Article 71

Every Burundian given the charge of a public function or elected to a political function has the duty to fulfill it with conscience, probity, devotion and loyalty in the general interest.

Article 72

Each Burundian has the duty to defend the national independence and the integrity of the territory.

Every citizen has the sacred duty to see and to participate in the defense of the country.

Every Burundian, and every foreigner who finds himself in the territory of the Republic of Burundi, has the duty to not compromise the security of the State.

Article 73

Every individual has the duty to contribute to the safeguarding of peace, of democracy and of social justice.

Article 74

Every Burundian has the duty to contribute by their work to the construction and the prosperity of the country.

TITLE III:

OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL PARTIES

Article 75

The multipartiism is recognized in the Republic of Burundi.

Article 76

The political parties may freely constitute themselves, in accordance with the law.

They are registered in accordance with the law.

Article 77

An association without a lucrative goal regrouping the citizens around a project of a democratic society founded on the national unity, with a distinctive political program of precise objectives responding to the concern to serve the general interest and to assure the development of all citizens, constitutes a political party.

Article 78

In their organization and their functioning the political parties must respond to democratic principles.

They must be opened to all Burundians, and their national character must also be reflected at the level of their leadership.

They may not advocate violence, exclusion, and hatred in any of their forms, notably those based on ethnic, regional, religious or gender affiliation.

Article 79

The political parties and the coalitions of political parties must promote the free expression of suffrage and participate in the political life by pacific means.

Article 80

The law guarantees the non-interference of the public powers in the internal functioning of the political parties, except for that of the restrictions necessary to prevent ethnic, political, regional, religious or gender hatred and to maintain the public order.

Article 81

The political parties may form coalitions at the time of the elections, accordingly to the modalities established by the electoral law.

Article 82

The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security as well as the Magistrates, in their activities, are not authorized to affiliate with the political parties.

Article 83

The external financing of the political parties is prohibited, except an exceptional derogation established by the law.

All financing of a nature that infringes the national independence and sovereignty is prohibited.

The law determines and organizes the sources of financing of the political parties.

Article 84

To the end of promoting democracy, the law may authorize the financing of the political parties in an equitable manner, proportionally to the number of seats that they hold at the National Assembly.

This financing may apply both to the functioning of the political parties and to the electoral campaigns, and must be transparent.

The types of subventions, advantages and facilities that the State may grant to the political parties are established by the law.

Article 85

The conditions within which the political parties are formed, exercise and cease their activities are determined by the law.

TITLE IV:

OF THE ELECTIONS

Article 86

The right to vote is guaranteed.

Article 87

The elections are free, transparent and regular.

The electoral code determines the practical modalities of them.

Article 88

The elections are organized in an impartial manner at the national levels, and the levels of the communes and the collines, as well as at other levels established by the law.

Article 89

An independent national electoral Commission guarantees the freedom, the impartiality and the independence of the electoral process.

Article 90

The Commission is composed of five independent notable persons.

Its members are appointed by decree after having been previously approved separately by the National Assembly and the Senate with a majority of three-quarters.

Article 91

The Commission is given the charge of the following missions:

To organize the elections at the national level, at the level of the communes and at that of the collines;

To see to it that the elections are free, regular and transparent;

To proclaim the provisional results of the elections within a time period

specified by the law;

To promulgate the arrangements, the code of conduct and the technical details, including the location of the polls and the hours in which they are open;

To hear the claims concerning the respect for the electoral rules and to process them.

The decisions of the Commission are without appeal;

To see to it, applying the appropriate rules, that the electoral campaigns do not take place in a manner that incites to ethnic violence or in any other manner contrary to this Constitution;

To assure the respect for the provisions of this Constitution relative to multi-ethnicity and to gender and to take cognizance of the claims in this respect.

TITLE V:

OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER Article 92

The executive power is exercised by a President of the Republic, two Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the members of the Government.

Article 93

An organic law establishes the regime of the indemnities and advantages of the President, of the Vice-Presidents and of the members of the Government as well as the regime of the incompatibilities.

It also specifies their specific regime of social security.

Article 94

At the moment of entering into their functions and at the end of these-ones, the President of the Republic, the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the members of the Government are required to make on their honor a written declaration of their assets and patrimony addressed to the Supreme Court.

1. OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC Article 95

The President of the Republic, Head of the State, incarnates the national unity, sees to the respect for the Constitution and assures by his arbitration the continuity of the State and the regular functioning of the institutions.

He is the guarantor of the national independence, of the integrity of the territory and of the respect for the international treaties and agreements.

Article 96

The President of the Republic is elected by universal direct suffrage for a mandate of five years renewable one time.

Article 97

The candidate for the functions of President of the Republic must:

have the quality of elector within the conditions specified by the electoral law;

be of Burundian nationality by birth;

be already thirty-five years old at the moment of the election;

reside in the territory of Burundi at the moment of the presentation of the candidature;

enjoy all his civil and political rights;

subscribe to the Constitution and to the Charter of the National Unity.

In addition, the candidate to the presidential elections must not have been condemned for crimes or misdemeanors of common law to a penalty determined by the electoral law.

The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a condemned person in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover his eligibility since the execution of his penalty.

Article 98

The candidates may be presented by the political parties or may present themselves as independents.

The candidate who, at the moment of the presentation of the candidatures is not presented by any political party, is considered as an independent.

Every candidacy to the presidential elections must be supported by a group of two hundred persons formed taking into account the ethnic and gender components.

The members of the supporting group must themselves meet the fundamental conditions required for eligibility in the general elections.

Article 100

The functions of President of the Republic are incompatible with the exercise of any other elective public function, of any public employment and of any professional activity.

Article 101

In the case that the candidate elected President of the Republic occupies a public function, he is placed, of office, in a position of detachment from the proclamation of the results.

In the case that he occupies a private function, paid or not, on his account or on the account of a third party, he ceases all activities from the proclamation of the results.

Article 102

The election of the President of the Republic takes place in a uninominal ballot in two rounds.

The President of the Republic is elected by an absolute majority of the suffrage expressed.

If this is not obtained in the first round, it proceeds, in a time period of fifteen days, to a second round.

Only the two candidates who have obtained the greater number of votes in the first round may present themselves in the second round of the ballot.

In the case of withdrawal of one or the other of the two candidates, the following candidates present themselves in the order of their ranking after the first ballot.

The candidate having received the relative majority of the suffrage expressed is declared elected in the second round.

Article 103

The mandate of the President of the Republic debuts on the day of his taking of the oath and ends when his successor enters into his functions.

The election of the President of the Republic takes place one month at least and two months at most before the expiration of the mandate of the President of the Republic.

Article 104

If the President of the Republic in exercise stands as a candidate, the Parliament may not be dissolved.

The President of the Republic may not, in addition, from the official announcement of his candidature and until the election, exercise his power of legislating by decree-law, deriving from Article 195 of this Constitution.

In the case of necessity, the Parliament is convoked in extraordinary session.

Article 105

The electoral law specifies all the other provisions relative to the election of the President of the Republic.

Article 106

At the moment of entering into his function, the President of the Republic solemnly takes the following oath, received by the Constitutional Court before the Parliament:

Before the Burundian People, sole holder of the national sovereignty, I, (enounce the name), President of the Republic of Burundi, swear fidelity to the Charter of the National Unity, to the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi and to the law and engage myself to dedicate all my forces to the defense of the superior interests of the nation, to assure the national unity and the cohesion of the Burundian People, and social peace and justice.

I engage myself to fight any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, to promote and to defend the individual and collective rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen, and to safeguard the integrity and the independence of the Republic of Burundi.

Article 107

The President of the Republic exercises the regulatory power and assures the execution of the laws.

He exercises his powers by decrees countersigned, the case arising, by the Vice-President and the concerned Minister.

The countersignature does not intervene for the acts of the President of the Republic deriving from Articles 110, 113, 114, 115, 197, 198, 297 and 298 of this Constitution.

The President of the Republic may delegate his powers to the Vice-Presidents, with the exception of those enumerated in the preceding paragraph.

Article 108

The President of the Republic, in consultation with the two Vice-Presidents, appoints the members of the Government and terminates their functions.

Article 109

The President of the Republic is the head of the Government.

He presides over the Council of Ministers.

Article 110

The President of the Republic is the Commander-in-Chief of the Corps of Defense and of Security.

He declares war and signs the armistice after consultation with the Government, with the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate and with the National Council of Security.

Article 111

The President of the Republic appoints to the superior offices, civil and military.

An organic law determines the categories of offices specified in the preceding paragraph.

The appointments to the high civil, military and judicial functions as specified in Article 187-9 of this Constitution only become effective if they are approved by the Senate.

Article 112

The President of the Republic appoints and recalls the ambassadors and the extraordinary envoys to foreign States and receives the letters of credentials and of recalls of the ambassadors and extraordinary envoys from foreign States.

Article 113

The President of the Republic has the right of pardon which he exercises after consultation with the two Vice-Presidents of the Republic and after the opinion of the Superior Council of the Magistrature.

Article 114

The President of the Republic confers the national orders and the decorations of the Republic.

Article 115

When the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the nation, the integrity of the territory or the execution of its international engagements are menaced in a grave and immediate manner and the regular functioning of the public powers is interrupted, the President of the Republic may proclaim, by decree-law, the state of exception and take all the measures required by these circumstances, after official consultation with the Government, with the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate, with the National Council of Security and with the Constitutional Court.

He informs the nation by way of a message.

These measures must be inspired by the willingness to assure to the constitutional public powers, within the shortest time period, the means to accomplish their mission.

The Constitutional Court is consulted concerning their subject.

The Parliament may not be dissolved during the exercise of the exceptional powers.

Article 116

The President of the Republic may be declared relieved of his functions for grave fault, grave abuse or corruption, by a resolution taken by two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly and of the Senate meeting.

Article 117

The President of the Republic is only penally responsible for the acts accomplished in the exercise of his functions in case of high treason.

There is high treason when, in violation of the Constitution or of the law, the President of the Republic deliberately commits an act contrary to the superior interests of the nation which gravely compromises the national unity, social peace, social justice, the development of the country, or gravely infringes the human rights, the territorial integrity, the national independence and the national sovereignty.

High treason belongs to the competence of the High Court of Justice.

The President of the Republic may only be impeached by the National Assembly and the Senate meeting in Congress and deciding by secret vote, by a majority of two-thirds of their members.

The investigation may only be conducted by a team of at least three magistrates of the General Office of Prosecutors of the Republic presided over by the General Prosecutor of the Republic.

Article 118

When the procedure of impeachment of the President of the Republic for high treason is initiated by the Parliament, the President of the Republic may not dissolve it until the end of the judicial procedure.

Article 119

Outside of the acts that arise from his discretionary competence, the administrative acts of the President of the Republic may be challenged before the competent jurisdictions.

Article 120

At the expiration of his functions, the President of the Republic has the right, except in the case of condemnation for high treason, to a pension and to all other privileges and facilities determined by the law.

Article 121

In the case of absence or temporary impediment of the President of the Republic, the First Vice-President assures the administration of the current affaires and, in his absence, the Second Vice-President.

In the case of vacancy for cause of resignation, of death or of any other cause of definitive cessation of his functions, the interim is assured by the President of the National Assembly or, if he, himself, is impeded to exercise these functions, by the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the Government acting jointly.

The vacancy is declared by the Constitutional Court referred to the matter by the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the Government, acting jointly.

The interim authority may not form a new Government.

The Vice-Presidents of the Republic and the Government are considered as resigned and may only simply assure the expedition of the current affairs until the formation of a new Government.

The ballot for the election of the new President of the Republic takes place, except in the case of force majeure declared by the Constitutional Court, within a time period that may not be inferior to one month and superior to three months, from the declaration of the vacancy.

The interim authority appoints an Independent National Electoral Commission given the charge of organizing a new presidential ballot in accordance with the law in force.

2. OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC Article 122

In the exercise of his functions, the President of the Republic is assisted by two Vice-Presidents.

The First Vice-President assures the coordination of the political and administrative domain.

The Second Vice-President assures the coordination of the economical and social domain.

Article 123

The Vice-Presidents are appointed by the President of the Republic after prior approval of their candidatures by the National Assembly and the Senate voting separately and with the majority of their members.

They are chosen from among the elected candidates.

They may be removed from their functions by the President of the Republic.

Article 124

The Vice-Presidents belong to different ethnic groups and political parties.

Without prejudice to the preceding paragraph, the predominant character of their ethnic affiliation within their respective political parties is taken into account, in their appointment.

Article 125

The First Vice-President presides over the Council of Ministers on delegation by the President of the Republic and for a specific agenda.

In the case of impediment of the First Vice-President, the President grants this delegation to the Second Vice-President.

Article 126

The Vice-Presidents take by order, each one in their sector, all the measures of execution of the presidential decrees.

The Ministers given the charge of their execution countersign the orders of the Vice-Presidents.

Article 127

At the moment of entering into their functions, the Vice-Presidents solemnly take the following oath, received by the Constitutional Court, before the Parliament:

Before the Burundian people, sole holder of the national sovereignty, I (enounce the name), Vice-President of the Republic of Burundi, swear fidelity to the Charter of the National Unity, to the Constitution of the Republic of Burundi and to the law and engage myself to dedicate all my forces to the defense of the superior interests of the nation, to assure the unity and the national cohesion of the Burundian people, social peace and justice.

I engage myself to fighting any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, to promoting and defending the individual and collective rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen, and to safeguarding the integrity and the independence of the Republic of Burundi.

Article 128

In the case of resignation, death or of any other cause of definitive cessation of the functions of a Vice-President of the Republic, a new Vice-President of the Republic, originating from the same ethnicity and of the same political party as their predecessor, is appointed, following the same procedure, within a time period not exceeding thirty days, counting from the definitive cessation of the functions of the Vice-President to be replaced.

3. OF THE GOVERNMENT Article 129

The Government is open to all the ethnic components.

It includes at most 60% of Hutu Ministers and Vice-Ministers and at most 40% of Tutsi Ministers and Vice-Ministers.

A minimum of 30% of women is assured.

The members come from the different political parties that have received more than one-twentieth of the votes and which so desire.

These parties have the right to a percentage, rounded to the inferior number, of the total number of Ministries at least equal to that of the seats that they occupy at the National Assembly.

When the President revokes a Minister, it proceeds to his replacement after consultation with his political party of origin.

Article 130

The President of the Republic, after consultation with the two Vice-Presidents of the Republic, sees to it that the Minister given the charge of the Force of National Defense is not of the same ethnicity as the Minister responsible for the National Police.

Article 131

The Government determines and conducts the policy of the nation within the framework of the decisions taken by consensus in the Council of Ministers.

Article 132

The Government deliberates obligatorily on the general policy of the State, the bills of international treaties and agreements, the bills of laws, the bills of presidential decrees, the orders of a Vice-President and the ordinances of the Ministers having a character of general regulation.

The members of the Government are responsible before the President of the Republic.

At the moment of entering into their functions, the members of the Government solemnly take the following oath before the Parliament and the President of the Republic:

"Before the President of the Republic, before the Parliament, I (enounce the name), swear fidelity to the Charter of the National Unity, to the Constitution and to the law.

I engage myself to consecrate all my forces to the defense of the superior interests of the nation, to promote the unity and the cohesion of the Burundian People, social peace and justice in the accomplishment of the functions entrusted in me.

I engage myself to fight any ideology and practice of genocide and of exclusion, and to promote and to defend the rights and freedoms of the person and of the citizen."

Article 134

The members of the Government take, by ordinance, all measures to apply the decrees of the President of the Republic and the orders of a Vice-President of the Republic.

Article 135

The members of the Government make or propose the appointments in the public administration and to the diplomatic posts taking into account the necessity to maintain an ethnic, regional, political and gender equilibrium.

Article 136

The members of the Government are penally responsible for the infractions committed in the exercise of their functions.

They are justiciable by the Supreme Court.

Article 137

The functions of member of the Government are incompatible with the exercise of all other professional activity and the exercise of a parliamentary mandate.

4. OF THE PROVINCIAL AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Article 138

The executive power is delegated, at the provincial level, to a Governor of the province given the charge of coordinating the services of the administration working in the province.

The Governor of the province exercises, in addition, the powers that the laws and the regulations attribute to him.

Article 139

The Governor of the province must be a civilian, native Burundian, established in or from the territorial entity that he is called to administer.

He is appointed by the President of the Republic after consultation with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and confirmation by the Senate.

Article 140

The Administration functions in accordance with the democratic values and the principles enounced by this Constitution and with the law.

Article 141

All the agents of the public administration exercise their functions, in a manner to serve all the users of the public services in an efficient, impartial and equitable way.

The diversion of public funds, corruption, the extortion of funds and racketeering are punished in accordance with the law.

Article 142

The administration is organized in ministries, and every Minister, before the President of the Republic, renders account for the manner in which his ministry accomplishes its tasks and the utilization of the funds that are granted to it.

Article 143

The Administration is largely representative of the Burundian Nation and must reflect the diversity of its components.

The practices that it observes in the matter of employment are founded on objective and equitable criteria of aptitude as well as on the necessity to correct the disequilibrium and to assure a wide ethnic, regional and gender representation.

The ethnic representation in the public enterprises is provided on the basis of 60% at most for the Hutu and 40% at most for the Tutsi.

Article 144

A law specifies the distinction between the career posts or technical posts and the political posts.

Article 145

No agent of the public administration or of the judicial apparatus of the State may benefit from a treatment of favor nor be subjected to a partial treatment for the sole motive of their sex, of their ethnic or regional origin or of their political affiliation.

Article 146

The executives and the agents of the Public Administration are required to make the declaration of their patrimony on, entering into their functions and at the end of them.

A law determines the competent jurisdiction and the procedure to be followed.

TITLE VI:

OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER

1. OF THE PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TO THE SENATE

Article 147

The legislative power is exercised by the Parliament, which includes two chambers:

the National Assembly and the Senate.

The members of the National Assembly bear the title of Deputy;

those of the Senate bear the title of Senator.

No one may belong at the same time to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Article 148

An organic law establishes the conditions in which the Deputies and Senators are replaced in the case of the vacancy of a seat.

Article 149

The mandate of the Deputies and the Senators has a national character.

All imperative mandates are null.

The vote of the Deputies and of the Senators is personal.

The internal regulations of the National Assembly and of the Senate may authorize exceptionally the delegation of the vote.

However, no one may receive the delegation of more than one mandate.

Article 150

The Deputies and the Senators may not be prosecuted, investigated or arrested, detained or judged for the opinions or the votes emitted in the course of the sessions.

Except in the case of flagrante delicto, the Deputies and the Senators may not, during the duration of the sessions, be prosecuted except with the authorization of the Bureau of the National Assembly or of the Bureau of the Senate,

The Deputies and the Senators may not, out of session, be arrested except with the authorization of the Bureau of the National Assembly for the Deputies or the Bureau of the Senate for the Senators, except in the case of flagrante delicto, of prosecutions already authorized or of definitive condemnation.

Article 151

The Deputies and the Senators are justiciable by the Supreme Court in accordance with the law governing this last one and that concerning the code of the organization and that of the judicial competence.

Article 152

The mandate of Deputy or of Senator is incompatible with any other function of public character.

An organic law may exempt certain categories of local elected persons or of agents of the State from the regime of incompatibility with the mandate of Deputy or of Senator.

Article 153

An organic law establishes the regime of indemnities and advantages of the Deputies and the Senators as well as the regime of the incompatibilities.

It equally specifies their specific regime of social security.

Article 154

At the moment of entering into their functions and at the end of them, the members of the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate are required to make on their honor a written declaration of their assets and patrimony addressed to the Supreme Court.

Article 155

A Deputy or a Senator appointed to the Government or any other public function incompatible with the parliamentary mandate and who accepts it, ceases immediately to sit in the National Assembly or in the Senate and is replaced by their substitute.

The Deputy or the Senator placed in one of the cases specified in the preceding paragraph resumes their functions as soon as the incompatibility has disappeared and provided that the mandate for which they were elected is in course.

Article 156

The mandate of Deputy and that of Senator ends by the death, the resignation, the permanent incapacity and the unjustified absence in more than one-quarter of the sittings of a session or when the Deputy or the Senator falls into one of the cases of forfeiture specified by an organic law.

Article 157

Except in the case of force majeure duly declared by the Constitutional Court, the deliberations of the National Assembly and of the Senate are only valid if they take place in the ordinary place of their sessions.

The sittings of the National Assembly and of the Senate are public.

However, the National Assembly and the Senate may meet in closed sitting in the case of need.

The record of the debates of the National Assembly and of the Senate is published in the Parliamentary Gazette.

Article 158

The Parliament votes the law and controls the action of the Government.

The following are of the domain of the law:

1°. The fundamental guarantees and obligations of the citizen:

safeguard of the individual freedom;

protection of the public freedoms;

constraints imposed in the interest of the national defense and of the public security, to the citizens on their persons and on their assets;

2°. The status of the persons and of the assets:

nationality, status and capacity of persons;

matrimonial regimes, inheritance and gifts;

regime of the property, of the real rights and of the civil and commercial obligations;

3°. The political, administrative and judicial organization:

general organization of the administration;

territorial organization, creation and modification of the administrative circumscriptions as well as the electoral divisions;

electoral regime;

general organization of the national orders, of the decorations and of

the honorific titles;

general rules of organization of the national defense;

general rules of organization of the national police;

statute of the personnel of the Corps of Defense and of Security;

statute of the personnel of the Parliament;

general principles of the public function;

statute of the public function;

state of exception;

Article 159

organic framework of creation and of suppression of the public and autonomous establishments and services;

organization of the jurisdictions of all orders and procedure followed before these jurisdictions, creation of new orders of jurisdiction, - determination of the status of the magistrature, of the ministerial offices and of the auxiliaries of justice;

determination of the crimes and misdemeanors as well as of the penalties applicable to them;

organization of the bar;

penitentiary regime;

amnesty.

4°. The protection of the environment and the conservation of the natural resources;

5°. The financial and patrimonial issues:

regime for the emission of the currency;

budget of the State;

definition of the base and of the rate of the taxes and the assessments;

alienation and administration of the domain of the State;

6°. The nationalization and denationalization of enterprises and the transfer of

property of enterprises from the public sector to the private sector;

7°. The regime of education and of the scientific research;

8°. The objectives of the economical and social action of the State;

9°. The legislation of work, of social security, of the syndical right, including the conditions for the exercise of the right to strike.

Article 160

The matters other than those of the domain of the law have a regulatory character.

The texts of legislative form intervening in these matters may be modified by presidential decree issued after opinion of the Constitutional Court.

The texts of regulatory form intervening in the matters relevant of the domain of the law may be modified by the legislative way, after opinion of the Constitutional Court.

Article 162

The law of finance determines, for each year, the resources and the charges of the State.

Article 163

The two chambers of the Parliament meet in Congress to:

Receive a message from the President of the Republic;

Impeach the President of the Republic in case of high treason by a resolution taken by two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly and of the Senate;

Re-examine the bill of the law of finance in accordance with Article 177;

Elect the first President of the Republic post-transition;

Evaluate, every six months, the implementation of the program of the Government;

Receive the oath from the CENI (Commission électorale nationale indépendante/Independent National Electoral Commission).

The Bureau of the Parliament meeting in Congress is composed of the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate.

The presidency and the vice-presidency of the sessions are entrusted respectively to the President of the National Assembly and to the President of the Senate.

The regulations of internal order of the National Assembly are those applicable to the deliberations of the Congress.

2. OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Article 164

The National Assembly is composed of at least one hundred Deputies on the basis of 60% of Hutu and 40% of Tutsi, including a minimum of 30% of women, elected by universal direct suffrage for a mandate of five years, and of three Deputies originating from the Twa ethnicity co-opted in accordance with the electoral code.

In the case that the results of the vote do not reflect the percentages above specified, it then proceeds to redress the corresponding disequilibrium by means of the mechanism of co-optation specified by the electoral code.

The number of candidates to be elected per circumscription is established by the electoral law proportionally to the population.

Article 165

The candidate to the legislative elections must be of Burundian nationality and origin, be twenty-five years old at least, and enjoy all of their civil and political rights.

The candidate to the legislative elections must not have been convicted for a crime or misdemeanor of common law to a penalty determined by the electoral law.

The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a person condemned in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover their eligibility since the execution of the sentence.

Article 166

The candidates to the legislative elections may be presented by the political parties or present themselves as independents as defined by Article 98 of this Constitution.

Article 167

The Independent National Electoral Commission verifies the receivability of the candidatures.

Article 168

The elections of the Deputies takes place following the ballot for the bloc lists by proportional representation.

These lists must have a multi-ethnic character and take into account the equilibrium between men and women.

For three candidates registered together on a list, only two may belong to the same ethnic group, and at least one in four must be a woman.

Article 169

The candidates presented by the political parties or the lists of independents may only be considered as elected and sit in the National Assembly if, nationwide, their party or their list totaled a number of suffrage equal or superior to 2% of the whole of the expressed suffrage.

Article 170

From its first session, the National Assembly adopts its internal regulations which determines its organization and its functioning.

It also puts its Bureau in place.

The first session meets of plain right the first working day following the seventh day after the validation of its election by the Constitutional Court.

This session is presided over by the oldest Deputy.

Article 171

The Bureau of the National Assembly includes one President and Vice-Presidents.

The President and the other members of Bureau of the National Assembly are elected for the entire legislature.

Nevertheless, their functions may be terminated within the conditions established by the internal regulations of the National Assembly.

Parliamentary groups may be constituted within the National Assembly.

The internal regulations of the National Assembly establish the modalities of the organization and of the functioning.

Article 173

The opposition parties in the National Assembly participate by right in all the parliamentary commissions, whether they are specialized commissions or commissions of inquiry.

A political party providing a member in the Government may not claim itself of the opposition.

Article 174

The National Assembly meets every year in three ordinary sessions of three months each.

The first session debuts on the first Monday of the month of February, the second one on the first Monday of the month of June and the third one on the first Monday of the month of October.

Extraordinary sessions, not exceeding a duration of fifteen days, can be convoked at the demand of the President of the Republic or at the demand of the absolute majority of the members composing the National Assembly, on a determined agenda.

The extraordinary sessions are opened and closed by decree of the President of the Republic.

Article 175

The National Assembly may not deliberate validly except if two-thirds of the Deputies are present.

The laws are voted by the majority of two-thirds of the Deputies present or represented.

The organic laws are voted by the majority of two-thirds of the Deputies present or represented, except this majority cannot be inferior to the absolute majority of the members composing the National Assembly.

The majority of two-thirds of the Deputies present or represented is equally required for the vote of the resolutions, of the decisions and of the important recommendations.

Article 176

The National Assembly is referred to the bill of the law of finance from the opening of the session of October.

Article 177

The National Assembly votes the general budget of the State.

If the National Assembly has not decided at the date of December 31, the budget of the preceding year is resumed by provisional twelfths.

At the request of the President of the Republic, the Parliament meets in Congress within a time period of fifteen days to re-examine the bill of the law of finance.

Article 172

If the Parliament has not voted the budget by the end of this session, the budget is definitively established by decree-law taken in the Council of Ministers.

Article 178

A Court of Accounts is created given the charge of examining and certifying the accounts of all the public services.

It assists the Parliament in the control of the execution of the law of finances.

The Court of Accounts presents to the Parliament a report on the regularity of the general account of the State and confirms whether the funds have been used in accordance with the established procedures and with the budget approved by the Parliament.

It gives a copy of that report to the Government.

The Court of Accounts is provided with the resources necessary to accomplish its functions.

The law determines its missions, its organization, its competences, its functioning and the procedure followed before it.

3. OF THE SENATE Article 179

The candidate to the elections of the Senators must be of Burundian nationality, being already thirty-five years old at the moment of the elections, and enjoy all their civil and political rights.

The candidate to the senatorial elections must not have been convicted for a crime or misdemeanor of common law to a penalty determined by the electoral law.

The electoral law specifies equally the time period after which a person condemned in the sense of the preceding paragraph may recover their eligibility since the execution of the sentence.

Article 180

The Senate is composed of:

Two delegates from each province, elected by an electoral college composed of members of the communal councils of the considered province, originating from different ethnic communities and elected by distinct ballots;

Three persons originating from the Twa ethnicity;

The former Heads of the State.

A minimum of 30% of women is assured.

The electoral law determines the practical modalities, with co-optation the case arising.

Article 181

The Independent National Electoral Commission verifies the receivability of the candidatures.

These candidatures emanate from the political parties or may be constituted of independents as defined by Article 98 of this Constitution.

Article 182

From its first session, the Senate adopts its internal regulations which determine its organization and its functioning.

It elects equally its Bureau.

The first session meets of plain right the first working day that follows the seventh day after the validation of its election by the Constitutional Court.

This session is presided over by the oldest Senator.

Article 183

The Bureau includes one President and Vice-Presidents.

Article 184

The formation of parliamentary groups is forbidden within the Senate.

Article 185

The Senate meets every year in three ordinary sessions of three months each and at the same moment as the National Assembly.

Extraordinary sessions are opened and closed by decree of the President of the Republic.

Article 186

The Senate may not deliberate validly except if two-thirds of the Senators are present.

The decisions are made with a majority of two-thirds of the Senators present or represented.

The organic laws are voted by the majority of two-thirds of the Senators present or represented, except this majority cannot be inferior to the absolute majority of the members composing the Senate.

Article 187

The Senate is provided with the following competences:

Approving the amendments to the Constitution and to the organic laws, including the laws governing the electoral process;

Be referred to the report of the Ombudsman on all aspects of the public administration;

Approving the texts of the laws concerning the delimitation, the attributions and the powers of the territorial entities;

Conducting inquiries in the public administration and, the case arising, making recommendations to assure itself that no region or no group is excluded from the benefit of the public services;

Controlling the application of the constitutional provisions by demanding the ethnic and gender representativeness and the equilibrium in all the State structures and institutions, notably the public administration and the Corps of Defense and of Security;

Advising the President of the Republic and the President of the National Assembly on all issues, notably those of a legislative order;

Formulating observations or proposing amendments concerning the legislation adopted by the National Assembly;

Elaborating and presenting proposals of laws for examination by the National Assembly;

Approving the appointments only to the following functions:

Heads of the Corps of Defense and of Security;

Province Governors;

Ambassadors;

Ombudsman;

Members of the Superior Council of the Magistrature;

Members of the Supreme Court;

Members of the Constitutional Court;

General Prosecutor of the Republic and Magistrates of the Office of General Prosecution of the Republic;

President of the Court of Appeal and President of the Administrative Court;

General Prosecutor before the Court of Appeal;

Presidents of the Ordinary Tribunals of First Instance, of the Tribunal

of Commerce and of the Tribunal of Labor;

Prosecutors of the Republic;

Members of the Independent National Electoral Commission.

4. OF THE PROCEDURE OF ADOPTION OF THE LAWS

Article 188

The bills and the proposals of law are presented simultaneously to the Bureaus of the National Assembly and of the Senate.

Every bill of law and every proposal of law specifies if it treats a matter falling within the competence of the Senate in accordance with Article 187.

The texts referred to in the preceding paragraph are registered, of office, in the agenda of the Senate.

The others texts are examined following the procedure prescribed in Articles 190 and 191 below.

In the case of doubt or of litigation concerning the receivability of a text, the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly or the President of the Senate refer the matter to the Constitutional Court which decides on it.

Article 189

In matters other than those referred to in Article 188, the text is adopted in the first reading by the National Assembly.

It is immediately transmitted to the Senate by the President of the National Assembly.

At the demand of its Bureau or of one-third of its members at least, the Senate examines the bill of a text.

This demand is formulated within seven days from the reception of the bill.

In a time period that may not exceed ten days counting from the demand, the Senate may either decide that there is no need to amend the bill or the proposal of law, or adopt the bill or the proposal of law after having amended it.

If the Senate has not decided within the granted time period or if it has informed the National Assembly of its decision of not amending the bill of a text, the President of the National Assembly transmits it within forty-eight hours to the President of the Republic for promulgation.

If the bill was amended, the Senate transmits it to the National Assembly which decides, either by adopting, or by rejecting wholly or in part the amendments adopted by the Senate.

Article 190

If, on the occasion of the examination referred to in the last paragraph of Article 189, the National Assembly adopts a new amendment, the bill of law is returned to the Senate which makes a decision on the amended bill.

Within a time period not exceeding five days counting from the date of the return of the bill, the Senate may, either decide to accept the bill amended by the National Assembly, or to adopt the bill after having amended it again.

If the Senate has not decided within the granted time period or if it has informed the National Assembly of its decision to accept the bill voted by the National Assembly, this one transmits it within forty-eight hours to the President of the Republic for promulgation.

If the bill has been amended again, the Senate transmits it to the National Assembly which decides definitively, either by adopting, or by amending the bill of law.

Article 191

In the matters referred to in Article 187, 1 and 3, the text adopted by the National Assembly is transmitted for adoption to the Senate by the President of the National Assembly.

The Senate adopts the bill, within a time period that may not exceed thirty days, either without amendment, or after having amended it.

If the Senate adopts the bill without amendment, the President of the Senate returns the adopted text to the President of the National Assembly who transmits it within forty-eight hours to the President of the Republic for promulgation.

If the Senate adopts the bill after having amended it, the President of the Senate transmits it to the National Assembly for a new examination.

If the amendments proposed by the Senate are accepted by the National Assembly, the President of the National Assembly transmits, within forty-eight hours, the definitive text to the President of the Republic for promulgation.

When, following a disagreement between the two chambers, a bill or a proposal of law could not be adopted, the President of the National Assembly and the President of the Senate create a mixed paritary commission given the charge of proposing a common text on the whole or the part of the text remaining in discussion, within 15 working days.

The text elaborated by the mixed paritary commission is submitted for approval to the two chambers.

No amendment is receivable.

Each of the two chambers approves it separately.

If the mixed commission does not achieve the adoption of a common text, or if this text is not adopted by one or the other chamber, the President of the Republic may either demand the National Assembly to definitively decide or declare the bill or the proposal of law lapsed.

The National Assembly adopts this text with a majority of two-thirds.

TITLE VII:

OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE POWER AND THE LEGISLATIVE POWER

Article 192

The initiative of the laws belongs concurrently to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

The bills of law are deliberated in the Council of Ministers.

Article 193

The agenda of the sessions of the National Assembly and of the Senate includes, on priority and in the order that the Government has established, the discussion of the bills of law presented by the Government and of the proposals of law presented by the members of the National Assembly or of the Senate.

If a proposal of law could not be studied during two successive ordinary session, it must be registered as a priority in the agenda of the following session.

Article 194

The Government has the right to propose amendments to the proposals of law submitted by the members of the Parliament.

The National Assembly and the Senate have the right to deliberate, propose amendments to the bills of law or reject the bills of law presented by the Government.

However, the proposals and amendments formulated by the members of the National Assembly or of the Senate are not receivable when their adoption would have as consequence, either an important diminution of the public resources, or the creation or the aggravation of an important public charge, unless those proposals or amendments are accompanied by proposals of compensatory receipts.

When the National Assembly or the Senate has entrusted the examination of a bill or of a proposal of law to a parliamentary commission, the Government may, after the opening of the debates, oppose itself to the examination of any amendment that has not been previously submitted to that commission.

If the Government demands it, the interpellated chamber pronounces itself by a sole vote on all or part of the bill or of the proposal of law by retaining only the amendments proposed or accepted by the Government.

Article 195

The Government may, for the execution of its program, demand from the Parliament the authorization to take by decrees-law, for a limited time period, the measures that are normally of the domain of the law.

These decrees-laws must be ratified by the Parliament in the course of the following session.

The ratification is made by a sole vote on all of the text of the law.

In the absence of a law of ratification, they are struck down as lapsed and declared by the Constitutional Court, the case arising.

Article 196

If it appears in the course of the legislative procedure, that a proposal of law or an amendment is not of the domain of the law, the Government may oppose the receivability.

In the case of disagreement between the Government and the Parliament, the Constitutional Court, at the demand of the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly or the President of the Senate, decides within a time period of eight days.

Article 197

The President of the Republic promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament within a time period of thirty days counting from the day of their transmission, if he does not formulate any demand of a second reading or if he has not referred the matter to the Constitutional Court for unconstitutionality.

The request for a new examination may concern all or part of the law.

After a second reading, the same text may not be promulgated except if it has been voted by a majority of three-quarters of the Deputies and three-quarters of the Senators.

Before promulgating the organic laws, the President of the Republic must have their conformity to the Constitution verified by the Constitutional Court.

Article 198

The President of the Republic may, after consultation with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic, with the President of the National Assembly and with the President of the Senate, submit to a referendum any draft of a constitutional, legislative or other text, susceptible of having profound repercussions on the life and the future of the Nation or on the nature or the functioning of the institutions of the Republic.

Article 199

The President of the Republic communicates with the Parliament meeting in Congress by way of a message.

This message does not give rise to any debate.

Article 200

The members of the Government may assist to the sessions of the National Assembly and of the Senate.

They are heard every time they so demand it.

They may be assisted by experts.

Article 201

The members of the National Assembly and of the Senate have the right to debate the action and the policy of the Government.

Article 202

The National Assembly and the Senate may inform themselves about the activity of the Government by way of oral or written questions addressed to the members of the Government.

During the session, one sitting per week is reserved by priority to the questions of the Deputies and of the Senators and to the answers of the Government.

The Government is required to provide the National Assembly and the Senate all the explanations that are asked from it on its administration and on its acts.

Article 203

The National Assembly can present a motion of censure against the Government with a majority of two-thirds of its members.

It can be dissolved by the Head of the State.

A motion of defiance can be voted by a majority of two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly against a member of the Government who shows a manifest failure in the administration of their ministerial department or who performs acts contrary to moral integrity or probity or who, by their conduct, disturbs the normal functioning of the Parliament.

In this case, the member of the Government presents his resignation obligatorily.

Article 204

The National Assembly and the Senate have the right to constitute parliamentary commissions given the charge of inquiring on specific subjects of the governmental action.

TITLE VIII:

OF THE JUDICIAL POWER Article 205

Justice is rendered by the courts and tribunals in all the territory of the Republic in the name of the Burundian People.

The role and the attributions of the Public Ministry are fulfilled by the Prosecuting Magistrates.

However, the judges of the Ordinary Tribunals of Residence and the officers of the police may fulfill vis-a-vis these tribunals the duties of the Public Ministry under the surveillance of the Prosecutor of the Republic.

An organic law establishes the organization and the judicial competences.

Article 206

The hearings of the jurisdictions are public, except in case of closed session pronounced by judicial decision, when the publicity is dangerous to the public order or to morality.

Article 207

Any judicial decision must be substantiated before being pronounced in a public hearing.

Article 208

The judicial power is structured to reflect in its composition the whole of the population.

The procedures of recruitment and appointment in the judicial corps submit imperatively to the concern to promote regional and ethnic equilibrium and the equilibrium between genders.

Article 209

The judicial power is impartial and independent of the legislative power and of the executive power.

In the exercise of his functions, the judge is subject only to the Constitution and to the law.

The President of the Republic, Head of the State, is the guarantor of the independence of the Magistrature.

He is assisted in this mission by the Superior Council of the Magistrature.

1. OF THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF THE MAGISTRATURE Article 210

The Superior Council of the Magistrature sees to the good administration of justice.

It is the guarantor of the independence of the presiding magistrates in the exercise of their functions.

Article 211

The Superior Council of the Magistrature is the highest disciplinary instance of the Magistrature.

It takes cognizance of the complaints of the persons or of the Ombudsman concerning the professional conduct of the Magistrates as well as of the recourses of the Magistrates against the disciplinary measures or of the claims concerning their career.

Article 212

A Magistrate may only be dismissed for a professional fault or incompetence, and only by a proposal of the Superior Council of the Magistrature.

Article 213

The Superior Council of the Magistrature assists the President of the Republic and the Government in:

the elaboration of the policy on the matter of justice;

the following of the situation of the country in the judicial domain and in

that of human rights;

the elaboration of the strategies in the matter of the fight against impunity.

Article 214

In their career, the Magistrates are appointed by Decree of the President of the Republic on a proposal of the Minister having justice within their attributions, after the opinion of the Superior Council of the Magistrature.

Those of the Ordinary Tribunals of Residence are appointed by ordinance of the Minister having justice within his attributions following the same procedure.

Article 215

All appointments to the judicial functions referred to in Article 188, 9;

except to the Constitutional Court, are made by the President of the Republic on a proposal by the Minister having justice within his attributions, after the opinion of the Superior Council of the Magistrature and confirmation by the Senate.

Article 216

The Superior Council of the Magistrature produces one time per year, a report on the state of justice that he addresses to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Article 217

The Superior Council of the Magistrature is equilibrated on the ethnic and regional plane and between genders.

It includes:

five members designated by the Government;

three judges of the superior jurisdictions;

two Magistrates from the Public Ministry;

two judges of the Ordinary Tribunals of Residence;

three members exercising a juridical profession in the private sector.

The members of the second, third and fourth category are elected by their peers.

Article 218

The members of the Superior Council of the Magistrature are appointed by the President of the Republic after the approval of the Senate.

Article 219

The Superior Council of the Magistrature is presided over by the President of the Republic assisted by the Minister having justice within his attributions.

Article 220

An organic law determines the organization and the functioning of the Superior Council of the Magistrature as well as the modalities of designation of its members.

2. OF THE SUPREME COURT

Article 221

The Supreme Court is the highest ordinary jurisdiction of the Republic.

It is guarantor of the good application of the law by the courts and tribunals.

Article 222

The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of the Republic on a proposal by the Minister having justice within his attributions, after the opinion of the Superior Council of the Magistrature and with the approval of the Senate.

Article 223

An office of General Prosecutor of the Republic is instituted, before the Supreme Court, of which the members are appointed in the same manner as the judges of the Supreme Court.

Article 224

An organic law specifies the composition, the organization, the competence and the functioning of the Supreme Court as well as the procedure applicable before it.

3. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT Article 225

The Constitutional Court is the jurisdiction of the State in constitutional matters.

It is the judge of the constitutionality of the laws and interprets the Constitution.

Article 226

The Constitutional Court is composed of seven members.

They are appointed by the President of the Republic and after approval of the Senate.

They have a mandate of six years non-renewable.

Three, at least, of the members of the Constitutional Court are career Magistrates.

The President, the Vice-President and the career magistrates are permanent.

The members of the Constitutional Court are chosen from among the jurists recognized for their moral integrity, their impartiality and their independence.

Three of the members of the Constitutional Court appointed before the entry into force of this Constitution have a mandate limited to three years.

They are chosen by drawing of lots assured by the President of this Court assisted by his adjunct in the course of a public hearing.

Article 227

The Constitutional Court may only sit validly if five at least of its members are present.

Its decisions are taken with the absolute majority of the sitting members, the voice of the President being preponderant in the case of equal sharing of the voices.

Article 228

The Constitutional Court is competent to:

decide on the constitutionality of the laws, and on the regulatory acts taken in the matters other than those belonging to relevant the domain of the law;

assure the respect for this Constitution, including the Charter of Fundamental Rights, by the organs of the State, and the other institutions;

interpret the Constitution, at the request of the President of the Republic, of the President of the National Assembly, of the President of the Senate, of one quarter of the Deputies or of one quarter of the Senators;

decide on the regularity of the presidential and legislative elections and of the referenda and to proclaim the definitive results of them;

receive the oath of the President of the Republic, of the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and of the members of the Government before their entry into their functions;

declare the vacancy of the position of President of the Republic.

The organic laws before their promulgation, the internal regulations of the National Assembly and of the Senate before their application, are submitted obligatory to the control of constitutionality.

Article 229

The Constitutional Court is equally competent to decide on the cases specified in Articles 115, 157, 160, 161, 188, 234 and 296 of this Constitution.

Article 230

The Constitutional Court is referred to a matter by the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, by one-quarter of the members of the National Assembly or one-quarter of the members of the Senate, or by the Ombudsman.

Every natural or legal person interested as well as the Public Ministry may refer the Constitutional Court to a matter of the constitutionality of the laws, either directly by way of an action or indirectly by the procedure of exception of unconstitutionality invoked in a matter submitted to another jurisdiction.

This one postpones its decision until the decision of the Constitutional Court which must intervene within a period of thirty days.

Article 231

A provision declared unconstitutional may not be promulgated or implemented.

The decisions of the Constitutional Court are not susceptible to any recourse.

Article 232

An organic law determines the organization and the functioning of the Constitutional Court as well as the procedure applicable before it.

4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE Article 233

The High Court of Justice is composed of the Supreme Court and of the Constitutional Court reunited.

It is presided over by the President of the Supreme Court;

the Public Ministry is represented by the General Prosecutor of the Republic.

Article 234

The High Court of Justice is competent to judge the President of the Republic for high treason, and the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate and the Vice-Presidents of the Republic for crimes and misdemeanors committed in the course of their mandate.

The instruction and the judgment take place before any other affaire.

The decisions of the High Court of Justice are not susceptible to any recourse, except by pardon or revision.

In the case of conviction, the President of the Republic, the Vice-Presidents of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly and the President of the Senate are relieved of their functions.

Article 236

An organic law establishes the rules of organization and of functioning of the High Court of Justice as well as the procedure applicable before it.

TITLE IX:

OF THE OMBUDSMAN Article 237

The Ombudsman receives the complaints and conducts the inquiries concerning the administrative faults and the violations of the rights of the citizens committed by the agents of the public function and of the judiciary and makes recommendations on that subject to the competent authorities.

He also assures a mediation between the Administration and the citizens and between the ministries and the Administration and plays the role of an observer in what concerns the functioning of the public administration.

The law establishes the organization and the functioning of his service.

Article 238

The Ombudsman has at his disposal the powers and of the resources necessary to fulfill his functions.

He presents every year a report to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

His report is published in the Official Gazette of Burundi.

Article 239

The Ombudsman is appointed by the National Assembly with a majority of three-quarters of its members.

His appointment is subject to the approval of the Senate with a majority of two-thirds of its members.

His mandate is of six years non-renewable.

TITLE X:

OF THE CORPS OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY

Article 240

The Corps of Defense and of Security are established in accordance with the law.

Apart from these, no other armed organization may not be created or raised.

The Corps of Defense and of Security must reflect the resolute willingness of the Burundians, as individuals and as a nation, to live as equals, in peace and harmony.

They must teach their members to act in conformity with the Constitution and the laws in force, as well as with the international conventions and agreements of which Burundi is a part, and request from them that they respect these texts.

The Corps of Defense and of Security are at the service of the Burundian People.

They must be an instrument of protection of all the Burundian People and all the People must recognize themselves in them.

Article 242

The maintenance of the national security and that of the national defense are submitted to the authority of the Government and to the control of the Parliament.

Article 243

The Corps of Defense and of Security must render account of their actions and work in all transparency.

Parliamentary commissions given the charge of supervising the work of the Corps of Defense and of Security, are created in accordance with the legislative texts in force and following the regulations of the Parliament.

Article 244

Neither the Corps of Defense and of Security, nor any of their members may, in the exercise of their functions:

Infringe the interests of a political party which, in the terms of the Constitution, is legal;

Manifest their political preferences;

Favor in a partisan manner the interests of a political party;

Be a member of a political party or of an association with a political character;

Participate in activities or manifestations of a political character.

The law concerning the organization and the functioning of the Corps of Defense and

of Security punishes the violation of it.

Article 245

The Corps of Defense and of Security consist of a force of national defense, a national police and a national intelligence service, all established in accordance with this Constitution.

The National Defense Force of Burundi is an armed corps designed, organized and trained for the defense of the integrity of the territory, of the independence and of the sovereignty of the Nation.

The National Police of Burundi is a corps designed, organized and trained for the maintenance and the restoration of security and order in the interior of the country.

The National Intelligence Service is a corps designed, organized and trained to look for, centralize and exploit all information of a nature that contributes to the security of the State, of its institutions and of its international relations, as well as to the prosperity of its economy.

Article 246

The Corps of Defense and of Security are subordinated to the civilian authority within the respect for the Constitution, for the law and for the regulations.

Article 247

The Corps of Defense and of Security develop within them a nondiscriminatory, non-ethnicist and non-sexist culture.

Article 248

The organic laws determine the establishment, the missions, the organization, the instruction, the conditions of service and the functioning of the Force of National Defense, of the National Police and of the National Intelligence Service.

Article 249

Within the limits determined by the Constitution and the laws, only the President of the Republic may authorize the use of the Armed Forces:

In the defense of the State;

In the restoration of order and of the public security;

In the fulfillment of the international obligations and engagements.

Article 250

When the Force of National Defense is used in one of the cases cited in the paragraph above, the President consults officially the competent instances so enabled and informs the Parliament promptly and in a detailed manner concerning:

The reason or reasons for the use of the Force of National Defense;

All places where this force is deployed;

The period for which this force is deployed.

Article 251

If the Parliament is not in session, the President convokes it in an extraordinary session within the seven days following the use of the Force of National Defense.

Article 252

The Corps of Defense and of Security respect the rights and the dignity of their members within the framework of the normative constraints of discipline and instruction.

Article 253

The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security have the right to be informed about the socio-political life of the country and to receive a civic education.

Article 254

All foreign intervention outside the international conventions is prohibited.

All recourse to foreign forces is prohibited, except in the case of authorization by the President of the Republic.

Article 255

The State has the duty to put in place a pertinent policy of reforms in the matter of defense and of security that reinforces the unity and the cohesion of the Burundian People, notably by assuring the necessary ethnic, regional and gender equilibriums.

Article 256

The Corps of Defense and of Security are organized in a manner that guarantees the unity within themselves, the political neutrality of the members as well as the impartiality in the accomplishment of their missions.

Article 257

The Corps of Defense and of Security are open without discrimination to all Burundian citizens who desire to be a part of them.

Their organization is based on volunteering and on professionalism.

During a period to be determined by the Senate, the Corps of Defense and of Security may not include more than 50% of the members belonging to a particular ethnic group, taking into account the necessity to assure the ethnic equilibrium and to prevent the acts of genocide and the coups d'Etat.

Article 258

The correction of the disequilibrium within the Corps of Defense and of Security is approached progressively in a spirit of reconciliation and trust in order to secure all Burundians.

Article 259

The Corps of Defense and Security are composed of professionals and are nonpartisan.

Their members benefit from a technical, moral and civic training.

This training focuses notably on the culture of peace, the conduct in a pluralist democratic political system and for the rights of Man.

The members of the Corps of Defense and of Security are trained at all levels in the respect for international humanitarian law and for the primacy of the Constitution.

Article 261

A civilian may not be subjected to the code of military justice nor judged by a military jurisdiction.

TITLE XI:

OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES Article 262

An organic law creates the commune as well as other local collectivities of the Republic.

The law determines the fundamental principles of their status, of their organization, of their competences, of their resources as well as the conditions in which these local collectivities are administrated.

Article 263

The commune is a decentralized administrative entity.

It is subdivided into entities specified by an organic law.

Article 264

The commune is administrated by the Communal Council and by the Communal Administrator.

Article 265

The elections at the communal level are held in accordance with the procedures indicated hereafter:

a. The collines are administrated by the Councils of the collines of five members elected by universal direct suffrage.

The councilor who has obtained the highest number of votes becomes the Head of the colline.

The candidates must present themselves as independents;

b. The communes are administrated by the Communal Councils which are elected by universal direct suffrage.

The Independent National Electoral Commission sees to it that the Communal Councils reflect in a general manner the ethnic diversity of their electorate.

In a case where the composition of a Communal Council would not reflect this ethnic diversity, the Independent National Electoral Commission may order the co-optation to the council of persons originating from an ethnic group underrepresented, provided that the persons thus co-opted do not constitute more than one-fifth of the members of the Council.

The persons to be co-opted are designated by the Independent National Electoral Commission.

For the first elections, every Communal Council elects within it a Communal administrator and may remove him from his functions for a valid reason, such as corruption, incompetence, grave fault or diversion of funds.

For the following elections, the National Assembly and the Senate may, after evaluation, legislate that the Administrator should be elected by universal direct suffrage.

None of the principal ethnic components may be represented by more than 67% of the Communal Administrators at the national level.

The Independent National Electoral Commission assures the respect for this principle.

Article 267

The State sees to the harmonious and equilibrated development of all the communes of the country on the base of the national solidarity.

TITLE XII:

OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS Article 268

In view of assuring a large participation of the citizens in the administration of the public affairs, the State puts in place the following national councils:

the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation;

the National Observatory for the prevention and the

eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity;

the National Council of Security;

the Economical and Social Council;

the National Council of Communication.

The Government guarantees to these Councils the means necessary for their functioning.

Article 266

1. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION

Article 269

The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is a consultative organ given the charge of notably:

conducting reflections and giving advice on all essential issues related to unity, to peace and to national reconciliation, in particular those relating to the prioritizing missions of the institutions;

following regularly the evolution of the Burundian society from the point of view of the issue of the national unity and of reconciliation;

producing periodically a report on the status of the national unity and of the reconciliation and bring it to the cognizance of the nation;

emitting proposals in view of the improvement of the situation of the national unity and of the reconciliation in the country;

conceiving and initiating the necessary actions in view of rehabilitating the institution of Ubushingantahe, to make of it an instrument of peace and of social cohesion;

emitting opinions and proposals on other matters of interest to the nation.

The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is consulted by the

President of the Republic, the Government, the National Assembly and the Senate.

On its own initiative, it may equally emit opinions and render them public.

Article 270

The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation is composed of notable persons recognized for their moral integrity and the interest they bear for the life of the nation and more particularly to its unity.

The members of the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Article 271

The members of the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation must take an oath to defend the national unity and to promote reconciliation.

Article 272

The National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Article 273

An organic law specifies the composition and establishes the organization and the functioning of the National Council for National Unity and Reconciliation.

2. OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY FOR THE PREVENTION AND THE ERADICATION OF GENOCIDE, OF WAR CRIMES AND OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY

Article 274

The National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity is a consultative organ given the charge of notably:

following regularly the evolution of the Burundian society from the point of view of the issue of genocide, of war crimes and of other crimes against humanity;

preventing and eradicating the acts of genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity;

suggesting the measures to effectively fight against the impunity of crimes;

promoting the creation of a regional observatory;

promoting a national inter-ethnic front of resistance against genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity, as well as against globalization and collective culpability;

promoting legislation against genocide, war crimes and the other crimes against humanity, and following the strict respect of it;

proposing policies and measures for the rehabilitation of the victims of genocide, of war crimes and of other crimes against humanity;

contributing to the implementation of a vast program of sensitization and education to peace, to unity and to national reconciliation.

Article 275

The National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Article 276

An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the National Observatory for the prevention and the eradication of genocide, of war crimes and of crimes against humanity.

3. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SECURITY Article 277

The National Council of Security is a consultative organ given the charge of assisting the President of the Republic and the Government in the elaboration of the policy in the matters of security, in the following of the situation of the country in the matter of security and in the elaboration of the strategies of defense, of security and of maintenance of the order in the case of crisis.

The Council follows attentively the status of the national unity and cohesion within the Corps of Defense and of Security.

The Council may be consulted on any other issue in relation to the security of the country.

The Council produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Article 278

The members of the National Council of Security are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Article 279

An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the National Council of Security.

4. OF THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Article 280

The Economical and Social Council is a consultative organ having competence in all the aspects of the economical and social development of the country.

It is obligatorily consulted on any project of plan of development, on issues of the environment and of the conservation of nature and on any project of regional or sub-regional integration.

The Economical and Social Council can, on its own initiative, under the form of recommendations, draw the attention of the National Assembly, of the Senate or of the Government to the reforms of economical and social order that seem conform or contrary to the general interest.

It gives, equally, its opinion on all the issues brought to its examination by the President of the Republic, the Government, the National Assembly, the Senate or by another public institution.

Article 281

The Economical and Social Council is composed of members chosen for their competence in the different socio-professional sectors of the country.

The members of the Economical and Social Council are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Article 282

The Economical and Social Council produces an annual report that it addresses to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Article 283

An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the Economical and Social Council.

5. OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF COMMUNICATION Article 284

The National Council of Communication sees to the freedom of audio-visual and written communication within the respect for the law, for public order and for morality.

The National Council of Communication has, to this effect, a power of decision notably in the matter of the respect for and the promotion of the freedom of the press and the equitable access of the diverse political, social, economical and cultural opinions to the public media.

The National Council of Communication plays equally a consultative role vis-a-vis the Government in the matter of communication.

Article 285

The National Council of Communication is composed of members chosen in the sector of communication and in the diverse sectors of users of the media, on the base of the interest that they bear for social communication, and for the freedom of the press, of expression and of opinion.

Article 286

The members of the National Council of Communication are appointed by the President of the Republic in concert with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic.

Article 287

The National Council of Communication produces an annual report that it submits to the President of the Republic, to the Government, to the National Assembly and to the Senate.

Article 288

An organic law determines the missions, the composition, the organization and the functioning of the National Council of Communication.

TITLE XIII:

OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

Article 289

The President of the Republic has the high direction of the international negotiations.

He signs and ratifies the international treaties and agreements.

Article 290

The treaties of peace and the treaties of commerce, the treaties relative to the international organization, the treaties that engage the finances of the State, those that modify the provisions of a legislative nature as well as those relative to the status of persons may not be ratified except by virtue of a law.

Article 291

The Republic of Burundi may create with other States international organizations of common administration and coordination and of free cooperation.

It may conclude agreements of association or of community with other States.

Article 292

The treaties take effect only after having been regularly ratified and under reserve of their application by the other party in the case of bilateral treaties, and the realization of the conditions for the entry into force specified by them for the multilateral treaties.

Article 293

The agreements authorizing the storing of toxic wastes and other matters that could gravely infringe the environment are prohibited.

Article 294

The Corps of Defense and Security may participate in international operations for the maintenance of peace in the world.

No Burundian force may be deployed exterior to the national frontiers without prior authorization of the President of the Republic after consultation with the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and with the National Council of Security.

The National Assembly and the Senate must be informed within a time period not exceeding seven days.

Article 295

Any cession, any exchange, any adjunction of territory is only valid with the consent of the Burundian People called to pronounce itself by referendum.

Article 296

When the Constitutional Court, referred to the matter by the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, a quarter of the members of the National Assembly or of the Senate, has declared that an international engagement contains a clause contrary to the Constitution, the authorization to ratify this engagement may only intervene except after amendment or revision of the Constitution.

TITLE XIV:

OF THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION

Article 297

The initiative of the revision of the Constitution belongs concurrently to the President of the Republic after consultation with the Government, to the National Assembly or to the Senate deciding respectively with an absolute majority of the members that compose them.

Article 298

The President of the Republic can submit to referendum a bill of amendment of the Constitution.

Article 299

No procedure of revision may be retained if it infringes the national unity, the cohesion of the Burundian People, the secularity of the State, the reconciliation, the democracy or the integrity of the territory of the Republic.

Article 300

The bill or the proposal of amendment of the Constitution is adopted with a majority of four-fifths of the members composing the National Assembly and two-thirds of the members of the Senate.

TITLE XV:

OF THE PARTICULAR PROVISIONS FOR THE FIRST POST-TRANSITION PERIOD

Article 301

Any person having exercised the functions of President of the Republic during the period of transition is ineligible in the first presidential elections.

Article 302

Exceptionally, the first President of the Republic of the post-transition period is elected by the elected National Assembly and the elected Senate meeting in Congress, with a majority of two-thirds of the members.

If this majority is not obtained on the first two ballots, it immediately proceeds to other ballots until a candidate obtains the suffrage equal to two-thirds of the members of the Parliament.

In the case of vacancy of the first President of the Republic of the post-transition period, his successor is elected according to the same modalities specified in the preceding paragraph.

The President elected for the first post-transition period may not dissolve the Parliament.

Article 303

Equally exceptionally and to the sole ends of the first elections of the Deputies, and only if one party has obtained more than three-fifths of the seats by direct suffrage, a total of eighteen to twenty-one supplementary members are co-opted in equal numbers from the lists of all parties having registered at least the minimum established for the suffrage, or in a rate of two persons per party in the case where more than seven parties should meet the required conditions.

TITLE XVI:

OF THE TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

Article 304

While awaiting the establishment of the institutions issuing from the elections in accordance with this Constitution, the institutions of transition and the territorial administration remain in function until the date determined in accordance with the calendar established by the Independent National Electoral Commission.

TITLE XVII:

OF THE FINAL PROVISIONS Article 305

In the measure that they are not contrary to the Constitution, the legislative and regulatory provisions, prior to its entry into force, remain in application until their modification or their abrogation.

Article 306

The Post-Transition Interim Constitution of the Republic of Burundi promulgated on 28 October 2004 is abrogated.

Article 307

This Constitution of the Republic of Burundi enters into force the day of its promulgation.