Conciliation and Peace Conference of the Regions of Bari Nugal and Mudug, SNA, SNDU, SSDF Peace Agreement (Mudug Peace Agreement)

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Country/entity: Somalia
Puntland
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Conciliation and Peace Conference of the Regions of Bari Nugal and Mudug, SNA, SNDU, SSDF Peace Agreement (Mudug Peace Agreement)
Date: 4 Jun 1993
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Somalia Peace Process
Parties: Signature of Somali Salvation Democratic Front delegate;
Signature of Somali National Alliance delegate;
Signature of Somali National Democratic Union delegate;
Third parties: -
Description: Short agreement between three militias for peace in Mudug, emphasizing past provision for property return, compensation, the disengagement of forces and the creation of a military committee to oversee the various aspects of DDR, past provisions and reconstruction.

Agreement document: SO_930604_Mudug Peace Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Substantive
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Substantive
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.
Religious groups: Groups→Religious groups→Rhetorical
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.5: The Islamic religion, Somali culture and norms shall be respected, strengthened and adhered to.
Groups→Religious groups→Substantive
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.

Page 2, untitled post-word,
IN THE NAME OF PEACE, RECONCILIATION, REBUILDING, JUSTICE, DEMOCRACY, UNITY AND PROGRESS
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.7: Clan elders of the communities will discuss and decide upon payment of blood money (Diyah) for the non-combatants killed in Mudug region.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Elders and religious leaders peace sub-committee;

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.15: This agreement is signed by the political leaders, clan leaders and various delegates of clans and factions whose signatures appear below.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Life
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of movement
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.
Socio-economic rights: Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Work
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.3: The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia. However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: Page 1, Untitled Preamble,
... Considering the democratic debates and broad analyses emanating from confidence and fraternity among the peoples of Bari, Nugaal and Mudug, which were held in the capital city of Mogadishu in the period between May 28th and June 3rd 1993, with 227 delegates attending

Page 2, untitled post-word,
IN THE NAME OF PEACE, RECONCILIATION, REBUILDING, JUSTICE, DEMOCRACY, UNITY AND PROGRESS
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.7: Clan elders of the communities will discuss and decide upon payment of blood money (Diyah) for the non-combatants killed in Mudug region.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Relief, reintegration and reconciliation sub-committee.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: Land, property and environment→Cultural heritage→Intangible
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.5: The Islamic religion, Somali culture and norms shall be respected, strengthened and adhered to.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
Art.1: Implementation of a complete and lasting peace in the region and denunciation of the use of force and violence.

Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.2: Resolution of conflicts within the concerned communities through peaceful means and avoidance of solving conflicts by force and the use of weapons.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.10: Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons. Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
• Militias and regional security forces sub-committee;

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces officers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulfil their duties honestly.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.9: Fighting armed militias shall be disengaged at a distance of 70km, with Galkayo the capital as the centre point, and deployed in the following locations:
a) SNA - Wargalo Dawgaab
b) SSDF - Buuryaqab (Xarfo)
c) SNDU - Galdogob.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.11: A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days. For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.12: All heavy and mechanised weapons shall be collected and, in collaboration with UNOSOM II, stored in an appropriate place. These weapons will be handed over to the Somali state or a central authority.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.9: Fighting armed militias shall be disengaged at a distance of 70km, with Galkayo the capital as the centre point, and deployed in the following locations:
a) SNA - Wargalo Dawgaab
b) SSDF - Buuryaqab (Xarfo)
c) SNDU - Galdogob.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.10: Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons. Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.11: A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days. For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
• Militias and regional security forces sub-committee;
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.10: Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons. Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations
Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.6: Fixed assets and other assets looted shall immediately be handed over, without any condition, upon declaration of the claimant as the rightful owner.

Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.8: A technical committee will be appointed, composed of the signatories of this agreement, with the task of returning looted assets and Diyah blood compensation to the rightful persons.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Sub-committee for the return of appropriated physical assets
Reconciliation: Page 1, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.4: Co-existence and cooperation among the communities of the concerned regions shall be achieved gradually and step by step.

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.13: This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):
... • Relief, reintegration and reconciliation sub-committee.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
... Art.11: A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days. For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: On file with Author. Also available at: Interpeace and Puntland Development Research Center (2006) Peacemaking at the Crossroads. Consolidation of the 1993 Mudug Peace Agreement, p. 30-31, https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/2006_09_SomS_Interpeace_PDRC_Peacemaking.pdf (Accessed 31 January 2020).

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE BENEFICIENT THE MERCIFUL

Mogadishu, June 4th 1993

CONCILIATION AND PEACE CONFERENCE OF THE REGIONS OF BARI NUGAL AND MUDUG SNA, SNDU, SSDF PEACE AGREEMENT

In execution of the Peace Agreements signed in Addis Ababa by the Somali factions on January 15th and March 27th 1993

In reference to the advance peace talks among clan representatives of the central regions held in Addis Ababa in March 1993

On the basis of political speeches addressed by leaders of SNA, SSDF and SNDU, and other respected clan leaders and delegates from the central regions

Considering the democratic debates and broad analyses emanating from conﬁdence and fraternity among the peoples of Bari, Nugaal and Mudug, which were held in the capital city of Mogadishu in the period between May 28th and June 3rd 1993, with 227 delegates attending

Considering the views and resolutions passed by the delegates and bearing in mind the immense necessity of peace, co-existence and cooperation at every level

Conference delegates reached this agreement:

Art.1:

Implementation of a complete and lasting peace in the region and denunciation of the use of force and violence.

Art.2:

Resolution of conﬂicts within the concerned communities through peaceful means and avoidance of solving conﬂicts by force and the use of weapons.

Art.3:

The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia.

However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.

Art.4:

Co-existence and cooperation among the communities of the concerned regions shall be achieved gradually and step by step.

Art.5:

The Islamic religion, Somali culture and norms shall be respected, strengthened and adhered to.

Art.6:

Fixed assets and other assets looted shall immediately be handed over, without any condition, upon declaration of the claimant as the rightful owner.

Art.7:

Clan elders of the communities will discuss and decide upon payment of blood money (Diyah) for the non- combatants killed in Mudug region.

Art.8:

A technical committee will be appointed, composed of the signatories of this agreement, with the task of returning looted assets and Diyah blood compensation to the rightful persons.

Art.9:

Fighting armed militias shall be disengaged at a distance of 70km, with Galkayo the capital as the centre point, and deployed in the following locations:

a) SNA Wargalo Dawgaab

b) SSDF Buuryaqab (Xarfo)

c) SNDU Galdogob.

Art.10:

Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons.

Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.

Art.11:

A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days.

For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.

Art.12:

All heavy and mechanised weapons shall be collected and, in collaboration with UNOSOM II, stored in an appropriate place.

These weapons will be handed over to the Somali state or a central authority.

Art.13:

This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):

• Militias and regional security forces sub-committee;

• Elders and religious leaders peace sub-committee;

• Sub-committee for the return of appropriated physical assets

• Relief, reintegration and reconciliation sub-committee.

These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces ofﬁcers, elders, women and youth members.

They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulﬁl their duties honestly.

Art.14:

All involved parties are to repent of their bad doings, which brought about great suffering in neighbouring communities, in order to avoid such conﬂict from reoccurring.

Art.15:

This agreement is signed by the political leaders, clan leaders and various delegates of clans and factions whose signatures appear below.

IN THE NAME OF PEACE, RECONCILIATION, REBUILDING, JUSTICE, DEMOCRACY, UNITY AND PROGRESS

Signature of SSDF delegate Signature of SNA delegate Signature of SNDU delegate