Darfur Ceasefire (GoS/SLM/A), Abeche

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Country/entity: South Sudan
Sudan
Darfur
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Darfur Ceasefire (GoS/SLM/A), Abeche
Date: 3 Sep 2003
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Darfur-Sudan peace process
Parties: Signatures:

Major General ‘Ismat ‘Abd al-Rahman,
Commander of the Western Region, Sudanese Government

Mr. ‘Abd al-Rahman Musa,
Minister of Public Security and Migration, Chadian Government

Adjutant General ‘Abd Allah Abkar Bashir,
Sudanese Liberation Army

Government Delegation:
Major General al-Rakan ‘Ismat ‘Abd al-Rahman Zayn al-Abidin, Head
Brigadier General Ibrahim Muhammad al-Hassan Ahmed Sa’id, Member
Colonel ‘Amr ‘Abd al-Mahlib, Member
Consul General Khalid ‘Abas Ahmed al-Na’im, Member
Babakar ‘Amr ‘Abd al-Qadir, Member

Sudanese Liberation Army Delegation:
‘Abd Allah Abkar Bashir, Head
Yahya Sin al-Nil, Member
Amr Sulayman Dahiya, Member
Adam Sulayman Bashir, Member
‘Abd Allah Hassan Allah al-Duhi, Member
Mustafa Mahmud al-Tayeb, Member
Professor ‘Uthman Muhammad al-Bashir, Member
Third parties: President Idriss Deby, Chad
Description: Short Agreement outlining eight points of a ceasefire between the Sudanese Liberation Army and Government of Sudan. Points include assembly of troops at pre-designated locations, hand over of weapons, agreement for more talks, release of prisoners, formation of tri-partite implementation monitoring commission and a short schedule.

Agreement document: SD_030903_Ceasefire Agreement between the Government and the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM) in Darfur.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): SD_030903_Ceasefire Agreement between the Government and the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM) in Darfur_AR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, Item five:
The two sides commit to laying the foundations for lasting and comprehensive peace in the region in order to achieve economic and social development.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, Untitled Introduction, In the interest of calm conditions and the restoration of security in the state of Darfur and in order to avoid negative and destructive complications as a result of the war and the desire of the two parties for a convergence of views and reconciliation, the Sudanese Government (hereby referred to as the ‘First party’) and the Sudanese Liberation Army (hereby referred to as the ‘Second Party’) assembled their forces in the following areas:
a. The area of Dar Zaghawa
b. The area of Jabal Si
c. The area of Jabal Maydub
d. The area of Jabal Marra
e. The area Murni

Page 1, Item one:
Ceasefire between the two sides and a cessation of all aggressive operations that will lead to aggravations

Page 1, Item six:
Form a tripartite commission from the Sudanese government, the Chadian government, and the Sudanese Liberation Army to monitor the implementation of the terms of this agreement.

Page 1, Item Seven:
... b. The implementation of these agreement addendums and joint memoranda are implemented as follows:
1. The ceasefire will enter into force on 6 September at 1800 Sudanese time (1400 GMT).

Page 1, Item four:
Assemble Sudanese Liberation Army forces in the locations delimited by both sides.

Page 2, Item Seven:
... b. The implementation of these agreement addendums and joint memoranda are implemented as follows:
... 5. Form the tripartite committee 15 days after the start of the ceasefire, authorising the timetable completing the work of the remaining period, until the end of 40 days.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 1, Item Seven:
... b. The implementation of these agreement addendums and joint memoranda are implemented as follows:
... 2. Determine the locations for assembling forces.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, Item seven:
a. Begin private negotiations on addendums after (45 days) from the date of signing this agreement to arrive at a comprehensive peace and the hand over of weapons after the final agreement on addendums.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, Untitled Introduction, In the interest of calm conditions and the restoration of security in the state of Darfur and in order to avoid negative and destructive complications as a result of the war and the desire of the two parties for a convergence of views and reconciliation, the Sudanese Government (hereby referred to as the ‘First party’) and the Sudanese Liberation Army (hereby referred to as the ‘Second Party’) assembled their forces in the following areas:
a. The area of Dar Zaghawa
b. The area of Jabal Si
c. The area of Jabal Maydub
d. The area of Jabal Marra
e. The area Murni

Page 1, Item two:
[Take] command and control over irregular armed groups in the theatre of operations.

Page 1, Item four:
Assemble Sudanese Liberation Army forces in the locations delimited by both sides.

Page 2, Item Seven:
... b. The implementation of these agreement addendums and joint memoranda are implemented as follows:
... 4. Withdraw groups of irregular fighters at the same time as troop assembly.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 1, Item three:
Release all prisoners of war, those arrested, and those linked to this issue from both sides.

Page 2, Item Seven:
... b. The implementation of these agreement addendums and joint memoranda are implemented as follows:
... 3. Release prisoners and detainees.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, Item eight:
In the event of a dispute over the items in this agreements or the emergence of a problem hitherto unknown, the third party has the task of reconciling the two parties.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: [In Arabic] ‘Darfur’s Revolutions: A New Crisis in Sudan’, International Crisis Group, Report nr. 76 on Africa, Nairobi – Brussels, 25 March 2004, pp. 40-41. Available at: http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2004/darfurrising-arabic.pdf [Accessed December 2017]

Ceasefire Agreement between the Government and the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM) in Darfur

3 September 2003

In the interest of calm conditions and the restoration of security in the state of Darfur and in order to avoid negative and destructive complications as a result of the war and the desire of the two parties for a convergence of views and reconciliation, the Sudanese Government (hereby referred to as the ‘First party’) and the Sudanese Liberation Army (hereby referred to as the ‘Second Party’) assembled their forces in the following areas:

The area of Dar Zaghawa

The area of Jabal Si

The area of Jabal Maydub

The area of Jabal Marra

The area Murni

The two tides assembled under the supervision of the Chadian government (hereby referred to as the ‘Third Party’).

Sponsored by the kind invitation of President Idriss Deby, the following has been agreed:

Item one:

Ceasefire between the two sides and a cessation of all aggressive operations that will lead to aggravations.

Item two:

[Take] command and control over irregular armed groups in the theatre of operations.

Item three:

Release all prisoners of war, those arrested, and those linked to this issues from both sides.

Item four:

Assemble Sudanese Liberation Army forces in the locations delimited by both sides.

Item five:

The two sides commit to laying the foundations for lasting and comprehensive peace in the region in order to achieve economic and social development.

Item six:

Form a tripartite commission from the Sudanese government, the Chadian government, and the Sudanese Liberation Army to monitor the implementation of the terms of this agreement.

Item seven:

Begin private negotiations on addendums after (45 days) from the date of signing this agreement to arrive at a comprehensive peace and the hand over of weapons after the final agreement on addendums.

The implementation of these agreement addendums and joint memoranda are implemented as follows:

The ceasefire will enter into force on 6 September at 1800 Sudanese time (1400 GMT).

Determine the locations for assembling forces.

Release prisoners and detainees.

Withdraw groups of irregular fighters at the same time as troop assembly.

Form the tripartite committee 15 days after the start of the ceasefire, authorising the timetable completing the work of the remaining period, until the end of 40 days.

Item eight:

In the event of a dispute over the items in this agreements or the emergence of a problem hitherto unknown, the third party has the task of reconciling the two parties.

Item nine:

This agreement enters into force as soon as it is signed.

This agreement was completed in the city of Aichi, Chad, on the 3 September.

Signatures:

Major General ‘Ismat ‘Abd al-Rahman,

Commander of the Western Region, Sudanese Government

Mr. ‘Abd al-Rahman Musa,

Minister of Public Security and Migration, Chadian Government

Adjutant General ‘Abd Allah Abkar Bashir,

Sudanese Liberation Army

Government Delegation:

Major General al-Rakan ‘Ismat ‘Abd al-Rahman Zayn al-Abidin, Head

Brigadier General Ibrahim Muhammad al-Hassan Ahmed Sa’id, Member

Colonel ‘Amr ‘Abd al-Mahlib, Member

Consul General Khalid ‘Abas Ahmed al-Na’im, Member

Babakar ‘Amr ‘Abd al-Qadir, Member

Sudanese Liberation Army Delegation:

‘Abd Allah Abkar Bashir, Head

Yahya Sin al-Nil, Member

Amr Sulayman Dahiya, Member

Adam Sulayman Bashir, Member

‘Abd Allah Hassan Allah al-Duhi, Member

Mustafa Mahmud al-Tayeb, Member

Professor ‘Uthman Muhammad al-Bashir, Member