Homeland Call

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Country/entity: Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Homeland Call
Date: 25 Nov 1999
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Sudanese (North-South) peace process
Parties: Dr Mustafa Osman Ismail, Minister of External Relations Republic of the Sudan
Mubarak Abdallah Alfadil, Secretary for Foreign Relations Umma Party
Third parties: H.E President Ismail Omar Gaili of the Republic of Djibouti
Description: Short agreement aiming at reconciliation between President Omar al-Bashar and head of the Umma Party Sadiq al-Mahdi. Agreement provides for the recognition of Sudan as non-homogenous, and defines the nature of the state as federal, equal, democratic, with decentralized powers. Also provides for referendum of South Sudanese independence.

Agreement document: SD_991125_Homeland Call.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Rhetorical
Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 4 Recognition of the religious, cultural and ethnic multiplicity of the Sudan.
Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Anti-discrimination
Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 2 No particular national group of citizens shall be privileged because of ethnic, cultural or religious affiliation.
Religious groups: Groups→Religious groups→Rhetorical
Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 4 Recognition of the religious, cultural and ethnic multiplicity of the Sudan.

Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 3 Religious and cultural multiplicity in the Sudan shall be considered for coexistence and shall be included in the guiding principles of the constitution.
Groups→Religious groups→Anti-discrimination
Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 2 No particular national group of citizens shall be privileged because of ethnic, cultural or religious affiliation.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 3 Religious and cultural multiplicity in the Sudan shall be considered for coexistence and shall be included in the guiding principles of the constitution.

Page 2, Third: Regional and International Relations:
... Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 2 Sudan’s International relationships shall be based on principles of international cooperation, consolidation of international security, peace and legitimacy.
State configuration: Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 5 The country shall be ruled on federal basis with equitable devolution of powers between the center and states.

Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 2 The democratic system that suits Sudan is the federal presidential system that defines federal and state powers and separates between constitutional authorities.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 9 These procedures shall be completed within an interim period of four years, at the end of which a referendum shall be held for Southern Sudan with its 1956 borders, to choose either voluntary unity with decentralized powers to be agreed upon or secession.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 9 These procedures shall be completed within an interim period of four years, at the end of which a referendum shall be held for Southern Sudan with its 1956 borders, to choose either voluntary unity with decentralized powers to be agreed upon or secession.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 6 Qualifications and professionalism shall be the basis of assuming’ offices at national institutions. Special consideration shall be given to the least developed states.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Federal or similar sub-divided government
Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 2 The democratic system that suits Sudan is the federal presidential system that defines federal and state powers and separates between constitutional authorities.
Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Local/municipal government
Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 10 Resolving Nuba Mountains and Ingassana Hills questions in a manner that meets their respective demands for power and wealth sharing within the framework of the united Sudan.
Economic power sharing: Power sharing→Economic power sharing→Sharing of resources
Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 7 Just participation in power at all levels and wealth sharing.

Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 10 Resolving Nuba Mountains and Ingassana Hills questions in a manner that meets their respective demands for power and wealth sharing within the framework of the united Sudan.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
1 Sudanese political forces shall be committed to pluralistic democratic system that guarantees human and basic freedoms.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 3 International human rights charters and covenants shall be adhered to.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: Rights related issues→Citizenship→Citizens, specific rights
Page 1, First: Peace Agreement
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
1 Citizenship shall be the basis for constitutional rights and duties.
Democracy: Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
1 Sudanese political forces shall be committed to pluralistic democratic system that guarantees human and basic freedoms.

Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 2 The democratic system that suits Sudan is the federal presidential system that defines federal and state powers and separates between constitutional authorities.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 2, Second: System of Governance:
Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:
... 4 Commitment to realize sustainable development as a national goal for building infrastructure, social development and free market mechanism to attain social justice.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: ICG Report, Darfur Rising

THE 1999 HOMELAND CALL

On the 25th of November 1999, and in response to an initiative by H.E President Ismail Omar Gaili of the Republic of Djibouti, H.E President Omar Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir met with Sayed Alsadig Al-Mahdi in Djibouti to discuss means of enhancing national reconciliation in the Sudan.

H.E president Ismail Omar Gaili attended the meeting.

Both parties agreed on a declaration of principles for realizing a comprehensive political solution in the Sudan according to the following

First:

Peace Agreement

Parties to the conflict adopt and commit themselves to end the civil war and conclude a just peace agreement based on the following:

1 Citizenship shall be the basis for constitutional rights and duties.

2 No particular national group of citizens shall be privileged because of ethnic, cultural or religious affiliation.

3 International human rights charters and covenants shall be adhered to.

4 Recognition of the religious, cultural and ethnic multiplicity of the Sudan.

5 The country shall be ruled on federal basis with equitable devolution of powers between the center and states.

6 Qualifications and professionalism shall be the basis of assuming’ offices at national institutions.

Special consideration shall be given to the least developed states.

7 Just participation in power at all levels and wealth sharing.

8 Elimination of the effects of the civil war and building of confidence among Sudanese people leading to realization of voluntary unity.

9 These procedures shall be completed within an interim period of four years, at the end of which a referendum shall be held for Southern Sudan with its 1956 borders, to choose either voluntary unity with decentralized powers to be agreed upon or secession.

10 Resolving Nuba Mountains and Ingassana Hills questions in a manner that meets their respective demands for power and wealth sharing within the framework of the united Sudan.

Second:

System of Governance:

1 Sudanese political forces shall be committed to pluralistic democratic system that guarantees human and basic freedoms.

2 The democratic system that suits Sudan is the federal presidential system that defines federal and state powers and separates between constitutional authorities.

3 Religious and cultural multiplicity in the Sudan shall be considered for coexistence and shall be included in the guiding principles of the constitution.

4 Commitment to realize sustainable development as a national goal for building infrastructure, social development and free market mechanism to attain social justice.

5 Identify and address all grievances.

Third:

Regional and International Relations:

1 The establishment of special relations with neighboring countries having interdependent interests with the Sudan to maintain developmental stability and security.

2 Sudan’s International relationships shall be based on principles of international cooperation, consolidation of international security, peace and legitimacy.

Fourth:

Political System:

1 The national initiative constitutes the axis of Sudanese- Sudanese dialogue and understanding and it works for boosting efforts and comprehensive political solution through IGAD and the joint Egyptian- Libyan initiatives.

2 Efforts shall be exerted for making the Libyan-Egyptian initiative a success and speeding up the convening of the all-party conference as soon as possible.

3 Affirming the support for IGAD initiative, being one by neighboring countries concerned with the Sudanese affairs, and their role for realizing, peace in the Sudan.

4 Underling the importance of coordinating between the two initiatives through a Sudanese- Sudanese dialogue and the agreed upon declaration of principles.

This agreement represents the aspirations and hopes of our Sudanese peoples to achieve peace, democracy and stability.

We herewith urge all the political forces to support this declaration for comprehensive political solution and join and boost it in order to realize unity, peace and agreement.

We also appeal to all brothers and friends to support the achievement of national accord among all Sudanese.

Finally we would like to extend our thanks to H.E President of the republic of Djibouti, Ismail Omar Gaili, for his honorable initiative, hospitality and appreciated efforts for concluding this agreement.

Dr Mustafa Osman Ismail

Minister of External Relations Republic of the Sudan

Mubarak Abdallah Alfadil

Secretary for Foreign Relations Umma Party