Adadda Peace Agreement

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Country/entity: Ethiopia
Somalia
Ogaden
Puntland
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Adadda Peace Agreement
Date: 10 Mar 2007
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Framework/substantive - comprehensive
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Somali Local Peace Processes
Parties: Bah Ararsame;
Omar Mohamoud
Third parties: -
Description: Local agreement between Bah Ararsame and Omar Mohamoud that provides for compensation for deaths and the destructions of water catchments.

Agreement document: SO_070310_Adadda Peace Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 1, - Payment of one-hundred and twenty camels for each of the deceased persons from the Bah Ararsame; 50,000,000 Somali Shillings (So.sh) for funeral costs; $1000 for the family of deceased; and one godobtir girl per deceased;
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: Page 1, - Payment of one-hundred and twenty camels for each of the deceased persons from the Bah Ararsame; 50,000,000 Somali Shillings (So.sh) for funeral costs; $1000 for the family of deceased; and one godobtir girl per deceased;

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: Land, property and environment→Land reform/rights→Land reform and management
Page 1, - Building of impermanent settlements are prohibited; violators will be fined 10,000,000 So.sh and imprisoned for six months;
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: Page 1, - Destruction of three berkedo [water catchment] in Adadda and one in Daladka;

Page 1, - Construction of new water points is prohibited in the geographical zone between the Bah Ararsame and Omar Mohamoud. That includes the villages of Qoriley, Magacley, Maygaagle, Carris and Gumbur;

Page 1, - Puntland government will reimburse the owners of the berkedo a sum of twenty-six thousand dollars ($26,000); ten-thousand dollars ($10,000) for Ina Habsade’s berked, six thousand dollars ($6000) for the berked in Daladka, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for two other berkedo

Page 1, Following the appeal of the Bah Ararsame the mediating committee revised the above agreement by adding the following:
- Increasing the value of Ina Habsade’s berked to twenty thousand dollars ($20,000);
- A buffer zone of 25Km between the two communities is demarcated; this draws back the berked of Ina Habsade 7km

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations
Page 1, - Payment of one-hundred and twenty camels for each of the deceased persons from the Bah Ararsame; 50,000,000 Somali Shillings (So.sh) for funeral costs; $1000 for the family of deceased; and one godobtir girl per deceased;

Page 1, - Puntland government will reimburse the owners of the berkedo a sum of twenty-six thousand dollars ($26,000); ten-thousand dollars ($10,000) for Ina Habsade’s berked, six thousand dollars ($6000) for the berked in Daladka, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for two other berkedo

Page 1, Following the appeal of the Bah Ararsame the mediating committee revised the above agreement by adding the following:
- Increasing the value of Ina Habsade’s berked to twenty thousand dollars ($20,000);
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, - Those who defy the aforementioned agreements will be held accountable; they will be fined 50,000,000 So.sh and one year imprisonment;

Page 1, - Building of impermanent settlements are prohibited; violators will be fined 10,000,000 So.sh and imprisoned for six months;
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Source: Hassan Adan Mohamed and Amina Abdulkadir M. Nur, The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building - Peace Initiatives in Puntland 1991-2007 (ed.) Pat Johnson (Garowe, Puntland, Somalia: Interpeace, 2008), p. 85

Adadda Agreement, 2007

The following terms were agreed upon:

- Payment of one-hundred and twenty camels for each of the deceased persons from the Bah Ararsame;

50,000,000 Somali Shillings (So.sh) for funeral costs;

$1000 for the family of deceased;

and one godobtir girl per deceased;

- The wounded are to be examined in Garowe—four from the Bah Ararsame and five from the Omar Mohamoud;

- Destruction of three berkedo in Adadda and one in Daladka;

- Construction of new water points is prohibited in the geographical zone between the Bah Ararsame and Omar Mohamoud.

That includes the villages of Qoriley, Magacley, Maygaagle, Carris and Gumbur;

- Those who defy the aforementioned agreements will be held accountable;

they will be fined 50,000,000 So.sh and one year imprisonment;

- Building of impermanent settlements are prohibited;

violators will be fined 10,000,000 So.sh and imprisoned for six months;

- Puntland government will reimburse the owners of the berkedo a sum of twenty-six thousand dollars ($26,000);

ten-thousand dollars ($10,000) for Ina Habsade’s berked, six thousand dollars ($6000) for the berked in Daladka, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for two other berkedo

Following the appeal of the Bah Ararsame the mediating committee revised the above agreement by adding the following:

- Increasing the value of Ina Habsade’s berked to twenty thousand dollars ($20,000);

- A buffer zone of 25Km between the two communities is demarcated;

this draws back the berked of Ina Habsade 7km