Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities, Protection of Civilians and Humanitarian Access, Republic of South Sudan

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Country/entity: South Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities, Protection of Civilians and Humanitarian Access, Republic of South Sudan
Date: 21 Dec 2017
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: South Sudan post-secession process
Parties: H.E. Salva Kiir Mayardit President of the Republic of South Sudan/ TGoNU
H.E. Deng Alor Kuol For the SPLM – FDs
H.E. Dr Riek Machar Teny SPLM/A -IO
Hon. Pagan Amum Okiech SPLM –FDs
Gen Thomas Cirilo Swaka NAS
Hon. Peter Mayen Majongdit Umbrella Party
Dr Lam Akol Ajawin NDM
Hon. Gabriel Changson Chang FDP/SSAF
Col. Joseph Bangasi Bakasoro SSNMC
Dr Castello Garang SSPM
Gen. Peter Gadet SSUM
Gen Bapiny Montul SSLM
Third parties: Pages 15-18, Signatures of the Parties, other Stakeholders, Guarantors and Witnesses to this Agreement
II. STAKEHOLDERS:
Bishop Enock Tombe Loro Faith Based
Prof. Moses Machar Eminent Persons
Hon. Alokir Malual Aguer Representative of Civil Society of South Sudan
Mrs. Amer Manyok Deng Representative of Women’s Bloc of South Sudan
Dr Emilly Koiti Representative of Youth of South Sudan
Hon Prof. Francis Deng
Prof. Pauline Riak
Hon. Rebecca Nyandeng Garang
Mr Edmund Yakani
Mr Biel Boutros Biel
Ms Rita Lopidia
Mr Rajab Mohandis
Mr Samson Aligo
Ms Sarah Nyanath Elijah

III. THE GUARANTORS:
A) IGAD Heads of State and Government
H.E Hailemariam Dessalegn Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Chair of IGAD
Republic of Uganda
Republic of Sudan
Republic of Djibouti
Republic of Somalia
Republic of Kenya

B) African Union High Level Ad-hoc Committee for South Sudan and African Union Commission People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Republic of Chad
Federal Republic of Nigeria
Republic of Rwanda
Republic of South Africa
Chairperson African Union Commission
IV. FOR THE IGAD LED MEDIATION:
H.E. Amb. Dr Ismail Wais Special Envoy for South Sudan
H.E. Georges Chikoti Former Foreign Affairs Minister Republic of Angola
H.E. Ramtane Lamamra Former Foreign Affairs Minister People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
H.E. Hanna Tetteh Former Foreign Affairs Minister Republic of Ghana
V. INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS AS WITNESSES:
Representative of the Peoples Republic of China
Representative of the Kingdom of Norway
Representative of the United Kingdom
Representative of the Unites States of America
Representative of the United Nations
Representative of the European Union
Representative of the United States of America
Representative of the IGAD Partners Forum (IPF)
Description: The agreement commits the parties to a ceasefire and specific actions to protect civilians and ensure humanitarian access.

Agreement document: SS_171221_Agreement on CoH, protection of civilians and Humanitarian access.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Substantive
Page 6, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Three Obligations of the Parties under the CoH
2) All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:
…
(f) recruitment and enlistment of children…

Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article Five Obligations of the Parties
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
(a) protect vulnerable persons including children, women, girls, the elderly, and persons with disabilities or special needs;

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Eight Demobilization, Release of abducted Children, Women and Detained Persons
1) Immediately upon the signing of this Agreement, each Party shall unconditionally demoblize any child recruited or enlisted by their group to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

2) The Parties shall release the following persons to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) without delay:
…
(d) All abducted women and children.

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Seven Humanitarian Access
3) The Parties shall facilitate the safe and voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the special needs of the most vulnerable, in particular women, children and the elderly.

Page 10, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Nine Prohibited Acts
1) In accordance with international humanitarian law, the following acts are prohibited:
(a) recruiting or enlisting children into armed conflict

Page 13, PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS
Article Fourteen Promoting the Agreement
2) The Parties shall seek the assistance of UNMISS, and any other regional or international entities, to disseminate information about this Agreement to the general South Sudanese public, using appropriate methods, with priority given to the rural areas, women, children and youth in particular.
Disabled persons: Groups→Disabled persons→Substantive
Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article Five Obligations of the Parties
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
(a) protect vulnerable persons including children, women, girls, the elderly, and persons with disabilities or special needs;

Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
…
3) In the implementation of this Agreement, consideration shall be given to the special protection needs of women, girls and those with special needs.
Elderly/age: Groups→Elderly/age→Substantive
Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article Five Obligations of the Parties
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
(a) protect vulnerable persons including children, women, girls, the elderly, and persons with disabilities or special needs;

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Seven Humanitarian Access
3) The Parties shall facilitate the safe and voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the special needs of the most vulnerable, in particular women, children and the elderly.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 3, Preamble
MINDFUL of the profound pain and suffering caused to our people by the war that has engulfed the country; obstructing livelihoods, impeding humanitarian access, and causing millions to abandon their homes, with over two million South Sudanese refugees hosted in neighbouring countries and beyond with support from UNHCR.

Page 6, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Three Obligations of the Parties under the CoH
2) All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:
(e) recruitment and enlistment, including from Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) and refugee camps…

Page 8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
5) The following acts are prohibited:
…
(g) unauthorised or unlawful entry into an Internally Displaced Persons’ camp, or a refugee camp or settlement;
(h) perpetuating or inciting violence in or around the sites referred to in paragraphs (f) and or (g) above.

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Seven Humanitarian Access
3) The Parties shall facilitate the safe and voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the special needs of the most vulnerable, in particular women, children and the elderly.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 3, Preamble
AWARE of the deep yearning of the South Sudanese people for the return of stability to their country, and for the chance to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive, democratic and just society, where all human beings can flourish, and girls and women are treated with dignity and respect…

Page 5, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Two Commitment to the Agreement
5) Each Party and any entity with responsibility for any aspect of the Agreement shall take the necessary steps to ensure that women and girls are not excluded or disadvantaged in the implementation of any aspect of this Agreement, and that their special needs and vulnerabilities are fully addressed.

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Seven Humanitarian Access
3) The Parties shall facilitate the safe and voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the special needs of the most vulnerable, in particular women, children and the elderly.

Pages 10-11, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Ten Monitoring and Verification Mechanisms
…
7) The Parties shall provide CTSAMM with information it requires for the discharge of its duties, including the following:
…
(e) Reporting on sexual violence.

Page 13, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Thirteen Enforcement of Compliance
…
5) JMEC to be restructured and reconstituted to include all armed groups, women and youth representation.

Page 13, PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS
Article Fourteen Promoting the Agreement
…
2) The Parties shall seek the assistance of UNMISS, and any other regional or international entities, to disseminate information about this Agreement to the general South Sudanese public, using appropriate methods, with priority given to the rural areas, women, children and youth in particular.

Page 16, Signatures of the Parties, other Stakeholders, Guarantors and Witnesses to this Agreement, II. STAKEHOLDERS:
Mrs. Amer Manyok Deng, Representative of Women’s Bloc of South Sudan
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article Five Obligations of the Parties
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
…
(b) support and facilitate the reunion of families and the decent burial and memorialization of the dead…

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 3, Preamble
AWARE of the deep yearning of the South Sudanese people for the return of stability to their country, and for the chance to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive, democratic and just society, where all human beings can flourish, and girls and women are treated with dignity and respect…
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: Page 12, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Thirteen Enforcement of Compliance
…
4) The Parties call upon neighbouring States to promote the implementation of this Agreement in their territories.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article Five Obligations of the Parties
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
…
(d) ensure protection of media and Civil Society.

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Seven Humanitarian Access
1) The Parties shall uphold international law, and shall allow and facilitate unfettered access for people in need to receive assistance from the United Nations, and impartial international and national non-governmental organizations

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Eight Demobilization, Release of abducted Children, Women and Detained Persons
2) The Parties shall release the following persons to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) without delay:
(a) any persons who has been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the conflict;
(b) any Prisoners of War (PoWs);
(c) all political prisoners and detainees;
(d) All abducted women and children.

Pages 10-11, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Ten Monitoring and Verification Mechanisms
…
3) This Agreement shall be formally monitored and verified by the CTSAMM. Civil Society organisations and communities may support, as appropriate, the work of CTSAMM.

Page 13, PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS
Article Fourteen Promoting the Agreement
1) Each Party signatory shall assume responsibility for promoting this Agreement to the people of South Sudan. The Parties shall identify the most effective information and dissemination mechanisms and strategies for promoting this Agreement, and shall hold joint media and public events, and encourage civil society and communities to support and promote the Agreement.

Summary: see coding for third parties for list of civil society witnesses, guarantors.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article six Protection of Civilians
…
4) The Parties shall ensure that all other non-South Sudanese armed groups leave the country any other human rights violations.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 4, Preamble
REAFFIRMING the importance of the Parties to this Agreement, to fully respect and observe fundamental human rights, international humanitarian law and humanitarian principles at all times and without any reservations…

Page 5, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Two Commitment to the Agreement
4) In the implementation of this Agreement, the Parties shall abide by the international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as international best practices and standards on the cessation of hostilities, protection of civilians, and provision of humanitarian access.

Page 6, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Three Obligations of the Parties under the CoH
1) The Parties shall respect and ensure full compliance with international humanitarian law.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Torture
Page 8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
5) The following acts are prohibited:
…
(c) torture, inhuman and degrading treatment…
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Equality
Page 3, Preamble
AWARE of the deep yearning of the South Sudanese people for the return of stability to their country, and for the chance to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive, democratic and just society, where all human beings can flourish, and girls and women are treated with dignity and respect…
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: Page 3, Preamble
AWARE of the deep yearning of the South Sudanese people for the return of stability to their country, and for the chance to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive, democratic and just society, where all human beings can flourish, and girls and women are treated with dignity and respect…
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 7, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Four Other Prohibited Acts
1) The Parties shall not engage in any form of hostile propaganda or hate speech, or use any media, including social media to foment ethnic or sectarian hatred.

Page 10, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Nine Prohibited Acts
1) In accordance with international humanitarian law, the following acts are prohibited:
…
(h) Cease media campaigns against mediators and Special Envoys.

Page 13, PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS
Article Fourteen Promoting the Agreement
1) Each Party signatory shall assume responsibility for promoting this Agreement to the people of South Sudan. The Parties shall identify the most effective information and dissemination mechanisms and strategies for promoting this Agreement, and shall hold joint media and public events, and encourage civil society and communities to support and promote the Agreement.
2) The Parties shall seek the assistance of UNMISS, and any other regional or international entities, to disseminate information about this Agreement to the general South Sudanese public, using appropriate methods, with priority given to the rural areas, women, children and youth in particular.
Rights related issues→Media and communication→Other
Page 6, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Three Obligations of the Parties under the CoH
2) All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:
…
(h) interference and jamming of one another’s field military means of communication…

Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article Five Obligations of the Parties
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
…
(d) ensure protection of media and Civil Society.

Page 10, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Nine Prohibited Acts
1) In accordance with international humanitarian law, the following acts are prohibited:
…
(g) Cease all forms of harassment of the media…
Mobility/access: Page 4, Preamble
MINDFUL of the profound pain and suffering caused to our people by the war that has engulfed the country; obstructing livelihoods, impeding humanitarian access…

Page 5, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Two Commitment to the Agreement
4) In the implementation of this Agreement, the Parties shall abide by the international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as international best practices and standards on the cessation of hostilities, protection of civilians, and provision of humanitarian access.

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Seven Humanitarian Access
1) The Parties shall uphold international law, and shall allow and facilitate unfettered access for people in need to receive assistance from the United Nations, and impartial international and national non-governmental organizations.
2) The Parties shall guarantee the safety and security of all humanitarian personnel.
3) The Parties shall facilitate the safe and voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the special needs of the most vulnerable, in particular women, children and the elderly.
4) The Parties shall allow and facilitate the free and unimpeded movement of people, and passage of goods and humanitarian relief, including the establishment of safe corridors.

Page 10, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Nine Prohibited Acts
1) In accordance with international humanitarian law, the following acts are prohibited:
…
(b) deliberate attacks on humanitarian personnel and assets
(c) deliberate restriction of the movement of humanitarian personnel and goods…
(d) attacks on humanitarian convoys and vehicles…
(e) looting of humanitarian supplies and assets
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Other
Page 6, PART I CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Three Obligations of the Parties under the CoH
2) All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:
(e) recruitment and enlistment, including from Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) and refugee camps…

Pages 7-8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS

Article Five Obligations of the Parties
1) The Parties shall at all times protect the human rights of civilians, and shall ensure the safety and dignity of individuals and communities.
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
(a) protect vulnerable persons including children, women, girls, the elderly, and persons with disabilities or special needs;
(b) support and facilitate the reunion of families and the decent burial and memorialization of the dead; and,
(c) facilitate the free movement of persons, including women and girls; (d) ensure protection of media and Civil Society.
3) In the implementation of this Agreement, consideration shall be given to the special protection needs of women, girls and those with special needs.
4) The Parties shall facilitate the free movement of merchandise and shall not loot property, including businesses, vehicles and goods, but shall protect all persons conducting commercial activities across the country.
5) The following acts are prohibited:
(a) attacks, inside and outside South Sudan, on the civilian population including killings, abductions and robberies;
(b) sexual and gender-based violence;
(c) torture, inhuman and degrading treatment;
(d) the laying of ambushes;
(e) offences against property;
(f) unauthorised or unlawful entry into any Protection of Civilian sites;
(g) unauthorised or unlawful entry into an Internally Displaced Persons’ camp, or a refugee camp or settlement;
(h) perpetuating or inciting violence in or around the sites referred to in paragraphs (f) and or (g) above; and

Article six Protection of Civilians
1) The Parties shall protect civilians from any form of attacks by other armed actors not part of this Agreement operating within South Sudan.
2) The Parties shall cooperate with UNMISS in the discharge of its mandate to protect civilians.
3) The Parties shall fully support full and rapid deployment and operations of Regional Protection Force (RPF).
4) The Parties shall ensure that all other non-South Sudanese armed groups leave the countryany other human rights violations.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: Rights institutions→Regional or international human rights institutions→Body tasked
Page 9, Article 8, Provision 1
Immediately upon the signing of this Agreement, each Party shall unconditionally demobilize any child recruited or enlisted by their group to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

Page 9, Article 8, Provision 2
The Parties shall release the following persons to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) without delay:
(a) any persons who has been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the conflict;
(b)any Prisoners of War (PoWs);
(c) all political prisoners and detainees;
(d) all abducted women and children.

Page 10, Article 8, Provision 3
Within 72 hours of the signing of this Agreement, the Parties shall submit to the ICRC a complete list of PoWs, and all political prisoners and detainees, and release them within 14 days.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 13, PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS
Article Fifteen Resources for Implementation
The IGAD and TGoNU shall mobilize the resources required for the implementation of this Agreement from national, regional and international sources.
Business: Page 8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
4) The Parties shall facilitate the free movement of merchandise and shall not loot property, including businesses, vehicles and goods, but shall protect all persons conducting commercial activities across the country.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 6, PART I CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Three Obligations of the Parties under the CoH
2) All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:
(e) recruitment and enlistment, including from Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) and refugee camps…

Pages 7-8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS

Article Five Obligations of the Parties
1) The Parties shall at all times protect the human rights of civilians, and shall ensure the safety and dignity of individuals and communities.
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
(a) protect vulnerable persons including children, women, girls, the elderly, and persons with disabilities or special needs;
(b) support and facilitate the reunion of families and the decent burial and memorialization of the dead; and,
(c) facilitate the free movement of persons, including women and girls; (d) ensure protection of media and Civil Society.
3) In the implementation of this Agreement, consideration shall be given to the special protection needs of women, girls and those with special needs.
4) The Parties shall facilitate the free movement of merchandise and shall not loot property, including businesses, vehicles and goods, but shall protect all persons conducting commercial activities across the country.
5) The following acts are prohibited:
(a) attacks, inside and outside South Sudan, on the civilian population including killings, abductions and robberies;
(b) sexual and gender-based violence;
(c) torture, inhuman and degrading treatment;
(d) the laying of ambushes;
(e) offences against property;
(f) unauthorised or unlawful entry into any Protection of Civilian sites;
(g) unauthorised or unlawful entry into an Internally Displaced Persons’ camp, or a refugee camp or settlement;
(h) perpetuating or inciting violence in or around the sites referred to in paragraphs (f) and or (g) above; and

Article six Protection of Civilians
1) The Parties shall protect civilians from any form of attacks by other armed actors not part of this Agreement operating within South Sudan.
2) The Parties shall cooperate with UNMISS in the discharge of its mandate to protect civilians.
3) The Parties shall fully support full and rapid deployment and operations of Regional Protection Force (RPF).
4) The Parties shall ensure that all other non-South Sudanese armed groups leave the countryany other human rights violations.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Pages 4-7, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES

Article One The Declaration
1) With effect from 00:01 hours (South Sudan local time) on the 24th day of December 2017, a Cessation of Hostilities (CoH) shall come into force, and the Parties shall cease all hostile military actions and operations in furtherance of the armed conflict between and among the Parties.
2) All forces shall immediately freeze in their locations, except for movements authorized by CTSAMM for logistical and administrative purposes.
3) Where opposing forces are in close proximity they shall immediately disengage.
4) Within 72 hours of the signing of this Agreement, each Party shall notify its commanders and affiliates of this Agreement and the obligations to cease all hostilities.

Article Two Commitment to the Agreement
1) Each Party shall implement this Agreement in full and in good faith, and shall ensure that its affiliates and all forces or armed groups under its command and control at all times observe the Agreement, particularly the provisions on prohibited acts.
2) The obligations of a Party to respect the cessation of hostilities shall therefore apply to its affiliates and the armed groups that are under the command and control of that Party. Accordingly, each Party shall also disclose to CTSAMM the location of the headquarters of all its military and affiliates.
3) The Signatories to this Agreement and the Special Envoy shall continue to engage any other groups not part of this Agreement, and bearing arms to abandon violence, and, where appropriate, to join this Agreement.
4) In the implementation of this Agreement, the Parties shall abide by the international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as international best practices and standards on the cessation of hostilities, protection of civilians, and provision of humanitarian access.
5) Each Party and any entity with responsibility for any aspect of the Agreement shall take the necessary steps to ensure that women and girls are not excluded or disadvantaged in the implementation of any aspect of this Agreement, and that their special needs and vulnerabilities are fully addressed.
6) This Agreement shall apply to all parties of South Sudan without any formal distinction

Article Three Obligations of the Parties under the CoH
1) The Parties shall respect and ensure full compliance with international humanitarian law.
2) All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:
(a) attacks aimed at dislodging, capturing ground or equipment, ambushes, and killing one another; (b) reconnaissance operations against each other;
(c) laying of mines of any nature including anti-tank and anti-personnel mines;
(d) use of proxy militias to provoke or attack one another;
(e) recruitment and enlistment, including from Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) and refugee camps; (f) recruitment and enlistment of children;
(g) sexual violence;
(h) interference and jamming of one another’s field military means of communication; and
(i) any provocative and deceptive actions.
3) The Parties shall not take any actions that could lead to military confrontations including unauthorized movement of forces, ammunition resupply, and any other action that could be viewed as confrontational.
4) The CTSAMM shall determine whether any act by a Party or person constitutes a prohibited act or is otherwise a breach of this Agreement, and shall take into account all the circumstances, including any justifications for the act.
5) The Parties shall prevent, and ensure accountability for breaches of this Agreement.

Article Four Other Prohibited Acts
1) The Parties shall not engage in any form of hostile propaganda or hate speech, or use any media, including social media to foment ethnic or sectarian hatred.
2) The Parties shall not occupy or damage any public or community property and infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, business centres, places of worship and any other vital installations. The Parties shall withdraw from any of the above sites that they have occupied.
3) The Parties shall not carry out unwarranted verbal attacks, or any physical attacks against the CTSAMM, JMEC, IGAD, AU, UN or any other entity associated with the implementation of this Agreement.

Summary: Page 8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS also includes acts prohibited under the ceasefire.
Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 4, Preamble
FURTHER RECOGNIZING that a cessation of hostilities is an important foundation for the restoration of the Permanent Ceasefire…

4, Preamble
ACKNOWLEDGING the vital efforts of the Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (JMEC) and the Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring Mechanism (CTSAMM) to bring sustainable peace to South Sudan
DEPLORING the continued violations of ceasefire agreements and declarations in South Sudan, and HAVING IN MIND the lack of genuine will and robust mechanisms to ensure enforcement and compliance with those commitments…

Pages 10-11, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Ten Monitoring and Verification Mechanisms
1) The Parties agree that CTSAMM shall be restructured in the course of the revitalization process. The regional and international members of CTSAMM, with relevant stakeholders in their areas of control, shall undertake monitoring and verification activities until a permanent ceasefire is agreed upon.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 5, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Two Commitment to the Agreement
1) Each Party shall implement this Agreement in full and in good faith, and shall ensure that its affiliates and all forces or armed groups under its command and control at all times observe the Agreement, particularly the provisions on prohibited acts.
2) The obligations of a Party to respect the cessation of hostilities shall therefore apply to its affiliates and the armed groups that are under the command and control of that Party. Accordingly, each Party shall also disclose to CTSAMM the location of the headquarters of all its military and affiliates.

Pages 10-11, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Ten Monitoring and Verification Mechanisms
…
7) The Parties shall provide CTSAMM with information it requires for the discharge of its duties, including the following:
(a) the location of their forces;
(b) the location of any military units in close proximity that need an immediate disengagement;
(c) the names, ranks and contact information of field commanders relevant to the implementation of this Agreement;
(d) the names, ranks and contact information of their liaison officers; and
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 3, Preamble
ACKNOWLEDGING that since the signing of the ARCSS, new realities on the ground such as the renewed and changing dynamics of the conflict, and the emergence of other armed and political groups, give particular urgency to the revitalization process…

Page 5, PART I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article Two Commitment to the Agreement
1) Each Party shall implement this Agreement in full and in good faith, and shall ensure that its affiliates and all forces or armed groups under its command and control at all times observe the Agreement, particularly the provisions on prohibited acts.
2) The obligations of a Party to respect the cessation of hostilities shall therefore apply to its affiliates and the armed groups that are under the command and control of that Party. Accordingly, each Party shall also disclose to CTSAMM the location of the headquarters of all its military and affiliates.

Page 8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article six Protection of Civilians
…
4) The Parties shall ensure that all other non-South Sudanese armed groups leave the country any other human rights violations.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Pages 9-10, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Eight Demobilization, Release of abducted Children, Women and Detained Persons
2) The Parties shall release the following persons to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) without delay:
(a) any persons who has been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the conflict;
(b) any Prisoners of War (PoWs);
(c) all political prisoners and detainees

3) Within 72 hours of the signing of this Agreement, the Parties shall submit to the
ICRC a complete list of PoWs, and all political prisoners and detainees, and
released them within 14 days.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Symbolic reparations
Page 7, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article Five Obligations of the Parties
2) The Parties shall take specific measures to:
…
(b) support and facilitate the reunion of families and the decent burial and memorialization of the dead…
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: Page 18, V. INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS AS WITNESSES:
Representative of the United Nations (not signed)
Other international signatory: Pages 17-18,

III. THE GUARANTORS:
A) IGAD Heads of State and Government
H.E Hailemariam Dessalegn Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Chair of IGAD
Republic of Uganda
Republic of Sudan
Republic of Djibouti
Republic of Somalia
Republic of Kenya

B) African Union High Level Ad-hoc Committee for South Sudan and African Union Commission People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Republic of Chad
Federal Republic of Nigeria
Republic of Rwanda
Republic of South Africa
Chairperson African Union Commission
IV. FOR THE IGAD LED MEDIATION:
H.E. Amb. Dr Ismail Wais Special Envoy for South Sudan
H.E. Georges Chikoti Former Foreign Affairs Minister Republic of Angola
H.E. Ramtane Lamamra Former Foreign Affairs Minister People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
H.E. Hanna Tetteh Former Foreign Affairs Minister Republic of Ghana
V. INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS AS WITNESSES:
Representative of the Peoples Republic of China
Representative of the Kingdom of Norway
Representative of the United Kingdom
Representative of the Unites States of America
Representative of the United Nations
Representative of the European Union
Representative of the United States of America
Representative of the IGAD Partners Forum (IPF)
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 4, Preamble
ALSO COMMENDING the role played by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in protecting civilians in South Sudan…

Page 8, PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Article six Protection of Civilians
…
2) The Parties shall cooperate with UNMISS in the discharge of its mandate to protect civilians.

Page 9, PART III APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS
Article Seven Humanitarian Access
1) The Parties shall uphold international law, and shall allow and facilitate unfettered access for people in need to receive assistance from the United Nations, and impartial international and national non-governmental organizations

Page 13, PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS
Article Fourteen Promoting the Agreement
…
2) The Parties shall seek the assistance of UNMISS, and any other regional or international entities, to disseminate information about this Agreement to the general South Sudanese public, using appropriate methods, with priority given to the rural areas, women, children and youth in particular.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 4, Preamble
ACKNOWLEDGING the vital efforts of the Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (JMEC) and the Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring Mechanism (CTSAMM) to bring sustainable peace to South Sudan…

Page 4, PART I CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
Article One The Declaration
2) All forces shall immediately freeze in their locations, except for movements authorized by CTSAMM for logistical and administrative purposes.

Page 5, Article Two Commitment to the Agreement
2) The obligations of a Party to respect the cessation of hostilities shall therefore apply to its affiliates and the armed groups that are under the command and control of that Party. Accordingly, each Party shall also disclose to CTSAMM the location of the headquarters of all its military and affiliates.

Pages 10-11, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Ten Monitoring and Verification Mechanisms
1) The Parties agree that CTSAMM shall be restructured in the course of the revitalization process. The regional and international members of CTSAMM, with relevant stakeholders in their areas of control, shall undertake monitoring and verification activities until a permanent ceasefire is agreed upon.
2) During the revitalization period, the reconstituted CTSAMM Board shall meet bimonthly outside South Sudan to ensure full participation of all the Parties.
3) This Agreement shall be formally monitored and verified by the CTSAMM. Civil Society organisations and communities may support, as appropriate, the work of CTSAMM.
4) Each Party shall allow CTSAMM to monitor and verify its adherence to the provisions of this Agreement including the movement of its personnel and equipment.
5) The Parties shall provide to CTSAMM advance notification of any movement of its personnel and equipment for CTSAMM to verify and monitor.
6) The Parties shall fully cooperate with the CTSAMM in the discharge of its functions under this Agreement. The Parties shall unconditionally allow and grant unhindered access to CTSAMM to verify and monitor in all areas under its control.
7) The Parties shall provide CTSAMM with information it requires for the discharge of its duties, including the following:
(a) the location of their forces;
(b) the location of any military units in close proximity that need an immediate disengagement;
(c) the names, ranks and contact information of field commanders relevant to the implementation of this Agreement;
(d) the names, ranks and contact information of their liaison officers; and (e) Reporting on sexual violence.
8) The Parties shall assist CTSAMM to develop a map depicting the location of their forces.
9) The Parties shall unconditionally allow CTSAMM to monitor and verify the adherence of their forces and affiliates with the provisions of this Agreement.
10) The Parties shall report to the relevant entitles any violations of this Agreement.

Page 12, PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article Thirteen Enforcement of Compliance
1) In the case of any violation of this Agreement by any party, an armed group, organization or person, CTSAMM shall report such breach to the JMEC and the Chairperson of IGAD Council of Ministers in a timely manner for quick remedial action and accountability.
2) The Chairperson of JMEC, in accordance with its mandate, shall report any serious breaches to the TGoNU, IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government, the African Union Peace and Security Council (AUPSC), and to the United Nations Security Council for their action.
3) The actions referred to in sub-section (2) above, the actions may include the measures decided by the 28th Extra-Ordinary Summit of the IGAD Heads of State and Government of 24th November 2014.
4) The Parties call upon neighbouring States to promote the implementation of this Agreement in their territories.

Page 14, PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS
Article Seventeen Dispute Settlement
1) Any dispute that may arise in the implementation and interpretation of this Agreement shall be resolved amicably between the signatories.
2) In case of a failure to resolve the matter the Parties shall refer the matter to the IGAD Council of Ministers.

Summary: see also third party actors for list of guarantors and witnesses
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: On file with author. Also available at: Intergovernmental Authority on Development (n.d.) 1712 21 Signed CoH Agreement. https://igad.int/attachments/article/1731/1712%2021%20Signed%20CoH%20Agreement.pdf (Accessed 31 January 2020).

HIGH LEVEL REVITALIZATION FORUM

AGREEMENT ON CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES, PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS AND HUMANITARIAN ACCESS

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN

Addis Ababa 21st December 2017

ABBREVIATIONS

AOGs Armed Opposition Groups

ARCSS Agreement on Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan

AUPSC African Union Peace and Security Council

CTSAMM Ceasefire Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring Mechanism

CoH Cessation of Hostilities

CSOs Civil Society Organizations

FDP/SSAF Federal Democratic Party/South Sudan Armed Forces

HLRF High Level Revitalization Forum

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority for Development

JMEC Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission

NAS National Salvation Front

NDM National Democratic Movement

OPP Other Political Parties

PoCs Protection of Civilian sites

PoWs Prisoners of War

SPLA-IG Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army - In Government

SPLM/A-IO Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army – In Opposition

SPLM/L – FD Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement Leaders – Former Detainees

SSDF South Sudan Defence Forces

SSLM/A South Sudan Liberation Movement/Army

SSNMC South Sudan National Movement for Change

SSPM/A South Sudan Patriotic Movement/Army

SSUM/A South Sudan United Movement/Army

TGoNU Transitional Government of National Unity

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNSC United Nations Security Council

WHEREAS, the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGoNU) and the Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army – In Opposition (SPLM/A-IO – led by Dr Riek Machar);

the National Salvation Front (NAS);

the National Democratic Movement (NDM);

the Federal Democratic Party/South Sudan Armed Forces (FDP/SSAF);

the South Sudan National Movement for Change (SSNMC);

the South Sudan United Movement/Army (SSUM/A);

the South Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SSLM/A);

the South Sudan Patriotic Movement/Army (SSPM/A)(hereinafter referred to collectively as the Armed Opposition Groups “AOGs”);

joined by Other Political Parties (OPP), SPLM Leaders – Former Detainees (SPLM-FDs), Civil Society, Umbrella Party and Faith Based leaders in the High Level Revitalization Forum (“the Forum” or “HLRF”), and collectively referred to as “the Parties”, individually as “a Party”;

WELCOMING and reaffirming our support to the decisions of the Inter- Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD) Assembly of Heads of State and Government’s 31st Extra-Ordinary Summit of 12th June 2017, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which decided:

“to urgently convene a High-level Revitalization Forum of the parties to the Agreement on Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCSS) including estranged groups to discuss concrete measures, to restore permanent ceasefire, to fully implement the Peace Agreement and to develop a revised and realistic timeline and implementation schedule towards a democratic election at the end of the Transition Period”;

DETERMINED to seize this unique opportunity presented by the Forum to revitalize the ARCSS;

and RESOLVED, therefore, to engage constructively and diligently in the process, in order to achieve the peaceful resolution of all conflicts and the complete silencing of the guns in South Sudan;

MINDFUL of the profound pain and suffering caused to our people by the war that has engulfed the country;

obstructing livelihoods, impeding humanitarian access, and causing millions to abandon their homes, with over two million South Sudanese refugees hosted in neighbouring countries and beyond with support from UNHCR;

AWARE of the deep yearning of the South Sudanese people for the return of stability to their country, and for the chance to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive, democratic and just society, where all human beings can flourish, and girls and women are treated with dignity and respect;

ACKNOWLEDGING that since the signing of the ARCSS, new realities on the ground such as the renewed and changing dynamics of the conflict, and the emergence of other armed and political groups, give particular urgency to the revitalization process;

RECOGNIZING that a credible revitalization process requires a peaceful and an enabling environment which would create the conditions conducive for the provision of humanitarian assistance, and for holding free deliberations;

FURTHER RECOGNIZING that a cessation of hostilities is an important foundation for the restoration of the Permanent Ceasefire;

COMMENDING the significant role and efforts of IGAD, the African Union (AU) and all partners to bring sustainable peace and stability to South Sudan;

ALSO COMMENDING the role played by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in protecting civilians in South Sudan;

ACKNOWLEDGING the vital efforts of the Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (JMEC) and the Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring Mechanism (CTSAMM) to bring sustainable peace to South Sudan;

DEPLORING the continued violations of ceasefire agreements and declarations in South Sudan, and HAVING IN MIND the lack of genuine will and robust mechanisms to ensure enforcement and compliance with those commitments;

REAFFIRMING the importance of the Parties to this Agreement, to fully respect and observe fundamental human rights, international humanitarian law and humanitarian principles at all times and without any reservations;

AGREE AS FOLLOWS:

PART I CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES

Article One The Declaration

With effect from 00:01 hours (South Sudan local time) on the 24th day of December 2017, a Cessation of Hostilities (CoH) shall come into force, and the Parties shall cease all hostile military actions and operations in furtherance of the armed conflict between and among the Parties.

All forces shall immediately freeze in their locations, except for movements authorized by CTSAMM for logistical and administrative purposes.

Where opposing forces are in close proximity they shall immediately disengage.

Within 72 hours of the signing of this Agreement, each Party shall notify its commanders and affiliates of this Agreement and the obligations to cease all hostilities.

Article Two Commitment to the Agreement

Each Party shall implement this Agreement in full and in good faith, and shall ensure that its affiliates and all forces or armed groups under its command and control at all times observe the Agreement, particularly the provisions on prohibited acts.

The obligations of a Party to respect the cessation of hostilities shall therefore apply to its affiliates and the armed groups that are under the command and control of that Party.

Accordingly, each Party shall also disclose to CTSAMM the location of the headquarters of all its military and affiliates.

The Signatories to this Agreement and the Special Envoy shall continue to engage any other groups not part of this Agreement, and bearing arms to abandon violence, and, where appropriate, to join this Agreement.

In the implementation of this Agreement, the Parties shall abide by the international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as international best practices and standards on the cessation of hostilities, protection of civilians, and provision of humanitarian access.

Each Party and any entity with responsibility for any aspect of the Agreement shall take the necessary steps to ensure that women and girls are not excluded or disadvantaged in the implementation of any aspect of this Agreement, and that their special needs and vulnerabilities are fully addressed.

This Agreement shall apply to all parties of South Sudan without any formal distinction.

Article Three

Obligations of the Parties under the CoH

The Parties shall respect and ensure full compliance with international humanitarian law.

All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:

attacks aimed at dislodging, capturing ground or equipment, ambushes, and killing one another;

reconnaissance operations against each other;

laying of mines of any nature including anti-tank and anti-personnel mines;

use of proxy militias to provoke or attack one another;

recruitment and enlistment, including from Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) and refugee camps;

recruitment and enlistment of children;

sexual violence;

interference and jamming of one another’s field military means of communication;

and

any provocative and deceptive actions.

The Parties shall not take any actions that could lead to military confrontations including unauthorized movement of forces, ammunition resupply, and any other action that could be viewed as confrontational.

The CTSAMM shall determine whether any act by a Party or person constitutes a prohibited act or is otherwise a breach of this Agreement, and shall take into account all the circumstances, including any justifications for the act.

The Parties shall prevent, and ensure accountability for breaches of this Agreement.

Article Four Other Prohibited Acts

The Parties shall not engage in any form of hostile propaganda or hate speech, or use any media, including social media to foment ethnic or sectarian hatred.

The Parties shall not occupy or damage any public or community property and infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, business centres, places of worship and any other vital installations.

The Parties shall withdraw from any of the above sites that they have occupied.

The Parties shall not carry out unwarranted verbal attacks, or any physical attacks against the CTSAMM, JMEC, IGAD, AU, UN or any other entity associated with the implementation of this Agreement.

PART II PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS

Article Five

Obligations of the Parties

The Parties shall at all times protect the human rights of civilians, and shall ensure the safety and dignity of individuals and communities.

The Parties shall take specific measures to:

protect vulnerable persons including children, women, girls, the elderly, and persons with disabilities or special needs;

support and facilitate the reunion of families and the decent burial and memorialization of the dead;

and,

facilitate the free movement of persons, including women and girls;

ensure protection of media and Civil Society.

In the implementation of this Agreement, consideration shall be given to the special protection needs of women, girls and those with special needs.

The Parties shall facilitate the free movement of merchandise and shall not loot property, including businesses, vehicles and goods, but shall protect all persons conducting commercial activities across the country.

The following acts are prohibited:

attacks, inside and outside South Sudan, on the civilian population including killings, abductions and robberies;

sexual and gender-based violence;

torture, inhuman and degrading treatment;

the laying of ambushes;

offences against property;

unauthorised or unlawful entry into any Protection of Civilian sites;

unauthorised or unlawful entry into an Internally Displaced Persons’ camp, or a refugee camp or settlement;

perpetuating or inciting violence in or around the sites referred to in paragraphs (f) and or (g) above;

and

any other human rights violations.

Article six Protection of Civilians

The Parties shall protect civilians from any form of attacks by other armed actors not part of this Agreement operating within South Sudan.

The Parties shall cooperate with UNMISS in the discharge of its mandate to protect civilians.

The Parties shall fully support full and rapid deployment and operations of Regional Protection Force (RPF).

The Parties shall ensure that all other non-South Sudanese armed groups leave the country.

PART III

APPLICABLE HUMANITARIAN OBLIGATIONS

Article Seven Humanitarian Access

The Parties shall uphold international law, and shall allow and facilitate unfettered access for people in need to receive assistance from the United Nations, and impartial international and national non-governmental organizations.

The Parties shall guarantee the safety and security of all humanitarian personnel.

The Parties shall facilitate the safe and voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the special needs of the most vulnerable, in particular women, children and the elderly.

The Parties shall allow and facilitate the free and unimpeded movement of people, and passage of goods and humanitarian relief, including the establishment of safe corridors.

Article Eight

Demobilization, Release of abducted Children, Women and Detained Persons

Immediately upon the signing of this Agreement, each Party shall unconditionally demoblize any child recruited or enlisted by their group to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

The Parties shall release the following persons to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) without delay:

any persons who has been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the conflict;

any Prisoners of War (PoWs);

all political prisoners and detainees;

All abducted women and children.

Within 72 hours of the signing of this Agreement, the Parties shall submit to the ICRC a complete list of PoWs, and all political prisoners and detainees, and released them within 14 days.

Article Nine Prohibited Acts

In accordance with international humanitarian law, the following acts are prohibited:

recruiting or enlisting children into armed conflict;

deliberate attacks on humanitarian personnel and assets;

deliberate restriction of the movement of humanitarian personnel and goods,

attacks on humanitarian convoys and vehicles;

looting of humanitarian supplies and assets;

and,

obstruction and interference with humanitarian operations;

Cease all forms of harassment of the media;

and

Cease media campaigns against mediators and Special Envoys.

PART IV IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT

Article Ten

Monitoring and Verification Mechanisms

The Parties agree that CTSAMM shall be restructured in the course of the revitalization process.

The regional and international members of CTSAMM, with relevant stakeholders in their areas of control, shall undertake monitoring and verification activities until a permanent ceasefire is agreed upon.

During the revitalization period, the reconstituted CTSAMM Board shall meet bi- monthly outside South Sudan to ensure full participation of all the Parties.

This Agreement shall be formally monitored and verified by the CTSAMM.

Civil Society organisations and communities may support, as appropriate, the work of CTSAMM.

Each Party shall allow CTSAMM to monitor and verify its adherence to the provisions of this Agreement including the movement of its personnel and equipment.

The Parties shall provide to CTSAMM advance notification of any movement of its personnel and equipment for CTSAMM to verify and monitor.

The Parties shall fully cooperate with the CTSAMM in the discharge of its functions under this Agreement.

The Parties shall unconditionally allow and grant unhindered access to CTSAMM to verify and monitor in all areas under its control.

The Parties shall provide CTSAMM with information it requires for the discharge of its duties, including the following:

the location of their forces;

the location of any military units in close proximity that need an immediate disengagement;

the names, ranks and contact information of field commanders relevant to the implementation of this Agreement;

the names, ranks and contact information of their liaison officers;

and

Reporting on sexual violence.

The Parties shall assist CTSAMM to develop a map depicting the location of their forces.

The Parties shall unconditionally allow CTSAMM to monitor and verify the adherence of their forces and affiliates with the provisions of this Agreement.

The Parties shall report to the relevant entitles any violations of this Agreement.

Article Eleven Prohibited Acts

The following acts are prohibited:

attacks, harassment, intimidation and arrest, abduction or detention of CTSAMM personnel;

and

obstruction or interference with the movements and work of CTSAMM.

Article Twelve Accountability for Any Violations

Parties shall prevent, investigate and ensure accountability for breaches of this Agreement.

This shall not preclude investigations and punishment by any other entities.

Article Thirteen Enforcement of Compliance

In the case of any violation of this Agreement by any party, an armed group, organization or person, CTSAMM shall report such breach to the JMEC and the Chairperson of IGAD Council of Ministers in a timely manner for quick remedial action and accountability.

The Chairperson of JMEC, in accordance with its mandate, shall report any serious breaches to the TGoNU, IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government, the African Union Peace and Security Council (AUPSC), and to the United Nations Security Council for their action.

The actions referred to in sub-section (2) above, the actions may include the measures decided by the 28th Extra-Ordinary Summit of the IGAD Heads of State and Government of 24th November 2014.

The Parties call upon neighbouring States to promote the implementation of this Agreement in their territories.

JMEC to be restructured and reconstituted to include all armed groups, women and youth representation.

PART VI MISCELLEANOUS PROVISIONS

Article Fourteen Promoting the Agreement

Each Party signatory shall assume responsibility for promoting this Agreement to the people of South Sudan.

The Parties shall identify the most effective information and dissemination mechanisms and strategies for promoting this Agreement, and shall hold joint media and public events, and encourage civil society and communities to support and promote the Agreement.

The Parties shall seek the assistance of UNMISS, and any other regional or international entities, to disseminate information about this Agreement to the general South Sudanese public, using appropriate methods, with priority given to the rural areas, women, children and youth in particular.

Article Fifteen Resources for Implementation

The IGAD and TGoNU shall mobilize the resources required for the implementation of this Agreement from national, regional and international sources.

Article Sixteen Amendment

The Parties may amend this Agreement by consensus, failing which by at least two thirds of the Parties.

Article Seventeen Dispute Settlement

Any dispute that may arise in the implementation and interpretation of this Agreement shall be resolved amicably between the signatories.

In case of a failure to resolve the matter the Parties shall refer the matter to the IGAD Council of Ministers.

Article Eighteen Status of the Agreement

Upon signature, this Agreement shall become an Addendum to the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan.

In witness of the above, the duly authorized representatives of the Parties have signed this Agreement on this 21st day of December 2017, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Signatures of the Parties, other Stakeholders, Guarantors and Witnesses to this Agreement

I. THE PARTIES:

H.E. Salva Kiir Mayardit

President of the Republic of South Sudan/ TGoNU

H.E. Deng Alor Kuol For the SPLM – FDs

H.E. Dr Riek Machar Teny SPLM/A -IO

Hon. Pagan Amum Okiech SPLM –FDs

Gen Thomas Cirilo Swaka NAS

Hon. Peter Mayen Majongdit Umbrella Party

Dr Lam Akol Ajawin NDM

Hon. Gabriel Changson Chang FDP/SSAF

Col. Joseph Bangasi Bakasoro SSNMC

Dr Castello Garang SSPM

Gen. Peter Gadet SSUM

Gen Bapiny Montul SSLM

STAKEHOLDERS:

Bishop Enock Tombe Loro Faith Based

Prof. Moses Machar Eminent Persons

Hon. Alokir Malual Aguer Representative of Civil Society of South Sudan

Mrs. Amer Manyok Deng

Representative of Women’s Bloc of South Sudan

Dr Emilly Koiti

Representative of Youth of South Sudan

Hon Prof. Francis Deng

Prof. Pauline Riak

Hon. Rebecca Nyandeng Garang

Mr Edmund Yakani

Mr Biel Boutros Biel

Ms Rita Lopidia

Mr Rajab Mohandis

Mr Samson Aligo

Ms Sarah Nyanath Elijah

THE GUARANTORS:

A) IGAD Heads of State and Government

H.E Hailemariam Dessalegn

Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Chair of IGAD

For the Republic of Uganda

For the Republic of Sudan

For the Republic of Djibouti

For the Republic of Somalia

For the Republic of Kenya

B) African Union High Level Ad-hoc Committee for South Sudan and African Union Commission

For the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria

For the Republic of Chad

For Federal Republic of Nigeria

For the Republic of Rwanda

For the Republic of South Africa

Chairperson African Union Commission

FOR THE IGAD LED MEDIATION:

H.E. Amb.

Dr Ismail Wais

Special Envoy for South Sudan

H.E. Georges Chikoti

Former Foreign Affairs Minister Republic of Angola

H.E. Ramtane Lamamra Former Foreign Affairs Minister

People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria

H.E. Hanna Tetteh

Former Foreign Affairs Minister Republic of Ghana

INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS AS WITNESSES:

Representative of the Peoples Republic of China

Representative of the Kingdom of Norway

Representative of the United Kingdom

Representative of the Unites States of America

Representative of the United Nations

Representative of the European Union

Representative of the United States of America

Representative of the IGAD Partners Forum (IPF)