Accord sur la cessation des hostilities entre le Gouvernement de la Republique du Mali d'une part, et le Mouvement Populaire de l'Azaouad et le Front Islamique Arabe d'autre part (Accords de Tamanrasset)

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Country/entity
Mali
Azawad
Region
Africa (excl MENA)
Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name
Accord sur la cessation des hostilities entre le Gouvernement de la Republique du Mali d'une part, et le Mouvement Populaire de l'Azaouad et le Front Islamique Arabe d'autre part (Accords de Tamanrasset)
Date
6 Jan 1991
Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement
Yes
Agreement/conflict level
Intrastate/intrastate conflict ( Tuareg Wars (1962 - ) )
Stage
Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature
Government/territory
Peace process
Mali-Azawad Inter-Azawad peace process
Parties
Pour le Gouvernement du Mali
Colonel Ousmane Coulibaly
Membre du Conseil National Chef d'État
Major Général des Armées

Pour le Mouvement Populaire de l'Azaouad et le Front Islamique Arab
Iyad Ag Ghali
Secrétaire Général du Mouvement
Third parties
En présence du Ministre de l'Intérieur de la République Algérinne Démocratique et Populaire
Description
The government and the movements agree to stop military operations, outlaw individual and collective acts of violence, and that from the signature of the agreement the armed forces will circulate unarmed outside designated zones. They also agree on the integration of members into the armed forces. They agree on the establishment of a commission to make sure this agreement is respected. They agree on prisoner release.

Agreement document
ML_910106_Accord sur la cessation des hostilites_EN.pdf | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language)
ML_910106_Accord sur la cessation des hostilités_FR.pdf | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth
No specific mention.
Disabled persons
No specific mention.
Elderly/age
No specific mention.
Migrant workers
No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
Religious groups
No specific mention.
Indigenous people
No specific mention.
Other groups
No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons
No specific mention.
Social class
No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender
No specific mention.
Men and boys
No specific mention.
LGBTI
No specific mention.
Family
No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general)
No specific mention.
State configuration
No specific mention.
Self determination
No specific mention.
Referendum
No specific mention.
State symbols
No specific mention.
Independence/secession
No specific mention.
Accession/unification
No specific mention.
Border delimitation
No specific mention.
Cross-border provision
No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed)
No specific mention.
Elections
No specific mention.
Electoral commission
No specific mention.
Political parties reform
No specific mention.
Civil society
No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders
No specific mention.
Public administration
No specific mention.
Constitution
No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing
No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
Military power sharing
Power sharing→Military power sharing→Merger of forces
Page 1, Article 8:
The combatants may integrate into the Malian Armed Forces under conditions defined by the two parties.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general
No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation
No specific mention.
Civil and political rights
No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship
No specific mention.
Democracy
No specific mention.
Detention procedures
No specific mention.
Media and communication
No specific mention.
Mobility/access
No specific mention.
Protection measures
No specific mention.
Other
No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI
No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
Traditional Laws
No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction
No specific mention.
National economic plan
No specific mention.
Natural resources
No specific mention.
International funds
No specific mention.
Business
No specific mention.
Taxation
No specific mention.
Banks
No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
Environment
No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees
No specific mention.
Ceasefire
Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
[Summary: The whole agreement provides for a ceasefire and its modalities. The ceasefire starts on 06/01/91 upon signature. There is no indication as to whether it is permanent or temporary.]

Page 1, Article 1:
Military operations and all armed activity throughout the national territory and principally in the 6th and 7th Regions of Mali shall cease at …..hours on 06/01/91.

Page 1, Article 2:
The two parties undertake to prevent any recourse to acts of violence, whether collective or individual.
[...]

Page 2, Article 13:
The present Agreement enters into force upon signing.
Police
No specific mention.
Armed forces
Page 1, Article 4:
The Malian Armed Forces shall not carry out any activities likely to result in clashes with the combatants. They shall gradually reduce their presence in the 6th and 7th Regions.

Page 1, Article 5:
Within the framework of the present Agreement, the Malian Armed Forces shall withdraw from management of the civilian Administration, and suppress some military posts.
With regard to the towns (Regional capitals and cercles), barracks shall be progressively transferred to more suitable locations.

Page 1, Article 6:
The Malian Armed Forces shall avoid pastureland and areas with heavy concentrations of population.

Page 1, Article 7:
The Malian Armed Forces shall restrict themselves to their role of defending territorial integrity at the frontiers.

Page 1, Article 8:
The combatants may integrate into the Malian Armed Forces under conditions defined by the two parties.
DDR
Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, Article 8:
The combatants may integrate into the Malian Armed Forces under conditions defined by the two parties.
Intelligence services
No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces
Page 1, Article 2:
[...]
All clandestine action or action endangering public order shall end, as well as any infiltration of armed elements from outside the country.

Page 1, Article 3:
The fighting forces of the “Popular Movement of Azawad” and the Arabic Islamic Front in place on the day of cessation of hostilities shall remain inside the zones which correspond to their current place of cantonment.
Any individual or collective movement of these Forces outside these areas must be unarmed.

Page 1, Article 8:
The combatants may integrate into the Malian Armed Forces under conditions defined by the two parties.

Page 2, Article 10:
The Committee for the Cessation of Hostilities shall consist of an equal number of representatives from each of the two parties, as well as the mediator.
Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
Corruption
No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
Drugs
No specific mention.
Terrorism
No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon
No specific mention.
Courts
No specific mention.
Mechanism
No specific mention.
Prisoner release
Page 2, Article 12:
All prisoners, hostages, or detained civilians held by each of the parties shall be released within 30 days of signing the present Agreement.
Vetting
No specific mention.
Victims
No specific mention.
Missing persons
No specific mention.
Reparations
No specific mention.
Reconciliation
No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory
No specific mention.
Other international signatory
No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar
No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism
No specific mention.
Related cases
No specific mention.
Source
UNESCO , https://web.archive.org/web/20200107164018/http://www.unesco.org/culture/fr/indigenous/Dvd/pj/TOUAREG/TouaregC4_2.pdf

AGREEMENT ON THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES

The Government of the Republic of Mali on one hand and

the Popular Movement of Azawad and the Arab Islamic Front on the other,

Wishing to re-establish Peace and Security throughout the national territory and principally in the 6th and 7th Regions, have agreed the following:

ARTICLE 1:

Military operations and all armed activity throughout the national territory and principally in the 6th and 7th Regions of Mali shall cease at …..hours on 06/01/91.

ARTICLE 2:

The two parties undertake to prevent any recourse to acts of violence, whether collective or individual.

All clandestine action or action endangering public order shall end, as well as any infiltration of armed elements from outside the country.

ARTICLE 3:

The fighting forces of the “Popular Movement of Azawad” and the Arabic Islamic Front in place on the day of cessation of hostilities shall remain inside the zones which correspond to their current place of cantonment.

Any individual or collective movement of these Forces outside these areas must be unarmed.

ARTICLE 4:

The Malian Armed Forces shall not carry out any activities likely to result in clashes with the combatants.

They shall gradually reduce their presence in the 6th and 7th Regions.

ARTICLE 5:

Within the framework of the present Agreement, the Malian Armed Forces shall withdraw from management of the civilian Administration, and suppress some military posts.

With regard to the towns (Regional capitals and cercles), barracks shall be progressively transferred to more suitable locations.

ARTICLE 6:

The Malian Armed Forces shall avoid pastureland and areas with heavy concentrations of population.

ARTICLE 7:

The Malian Armed Forces shall restrict themselves to their role of defending territorial integrity at the frontiers.

ARTICLE 8:

The combatants may integrate into the Malian Armed Forces under conditions defined by the two parties.

ARTICLE 9:

A Committee for the Cessation of Hostilities shall be established, charged with applying the provisions of the present Agreement.

This Committee shall be chaired by the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria as mediator.

ARTICLE 10:

The Committee for the Cessation of Hostilities shall consist of an equal number of representatives from each of the two parties, as well as the mediator.

ARTICLE 11:

The headquarters of the Committee for the Cessation of Hostilities shall be at Gao.

ARTICLE 12:

All prisoners, hostages, or detained civilians held by each of the parties shall be released within 30 days of signing the present Agreement.

ARTICLE 13:

The present Agreement enters into force upon signing.

Done at Tamanrasset on January 6, 1991

in two originals in French and Arabic

the two texts being equally authentic.

Signatures

For the Malian Government

Colonel Ousmane Coulibaly

Member of the National Council, Head of State

Major-General of the Armies

For the Azaouad Popular Movement and the Arabic Islamic Front

Iyad Ag Ghali

General Secretary of the Movement

In the presence of the Minister of the Interior of the Algerian Democratic and Popular Republic