Re-dedication of and Implementation Modalities for the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement signed on the 23rd January 2014 between the Government of the Republic of South Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Army / Movement (in opposition)

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Country/entity: South Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Re-dedication of and Implementation Modalities for the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement signed on the 23rd January 2014 between the Government of the Republic of South Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Army / Movement (in opposition)
Date: 9 Nov 2014
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: South Sudan post-secession process
Parties: For the Government of the Republic of South Sudan
Hon. Nhial Deng Nhial
For the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Army in Opposition
Gen. Taban Deng Gai
Third parties: Witness by the IGAD Special Envoys
H.E. Amb. Seyoum Mesfin
Gen. Lazoro K. Sumbeiywo
Gen. Mohamed Ahmed M. El Dabi
Description: A short agreement re-dedicating the parties to the ceasefire previously committed to, and providing a full implementation matrix in the form of a table (see 14 Page implementation matrix, which has not been coded. It is accessible in pdf form under the ‘agreement document’ section.)

Agreement document: SS_CoH Implementation Matrix and Addendum signed 141109.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): SS_141109_CoH Implementation Matrix and Addendum signed.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Rhetorical
Pages 1-2, preamble
…
Underline that both parties are committed by national and international law to prevent the recruitment and mobilization of child soldiers, and that the recruitment and use of child soldiers constitutes grave violations of the laws of war;
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Pages 1-2, preamble
…
Underline that both parties are committed by national and international law to prevent the recruitment and mobilization of child soldiers, and that the recruitment and use of child soldiers constitutes grave violations of the laws of war;
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 1, Preamble
…
Agree to respect the declared cessation of hostilities, to cease all hostile propaganda, and to full guarantee the protection of civilians;
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Page 1, Preamble
…
Agree to respect the declared cessation of hostilities, to cease all hostile propaganda, and to full guarantee the protection of civilians;
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 1, Preamble
…
Recognize the grave threats posed by the humanitarian situation resulting from the conflict, and; commit to facilitate full and unhindered humanitarian access to all areas of South Sudan in compliance with the Agreements;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 1, Preamble
…
Agree to respect the declared cessation of hostilities, to cease all hostile propaganda, and to full guarantee the protection of civilians;
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, preamble,
…
Recommit to declaring the position of our forces, and to fully cooperate with the Monitoring and Verification Mechanism (MVM) to ensure that the implementation of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement is completed without hindrance or delay;
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: On file with author.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT

RE-DEDICATION OF AND IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES FOR THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AGREEMENT SIGNED ON 23RD JANUNARY 2014 BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN AND THE SUDAN PEOPLE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT/ ARMY (IN OPPOSITION)

We, the Government of the Republic of South Sudan and the SPLM/A (in Opposition) (Hereinafter called The Parties):

Acknowledge the need for the full implementation of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement signed on 23rd January 2014, and the subsequent agreements on the implementation modalities of 24th February 2014 and the Recommitment on Humanitarian Matters of 5th May 2014;

and the Agreement to Resolve the Crisis in South Sudan signed on 9th May 2014;

Regret the numerous violations of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement, and the continued violence and destruction caused by these violations, and the avoidable loss of lives that has resulted from this conflict;

Agree to respect the declared cessation of hostilities, to cease all hostile propaganda, and to full guarantee the protection of civilians;

Recommit to declaring the position of our forces, and to fully cooperate with the Monitoring and Verification Mechanism (MVM) to ensure that the implementation of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement is completed without hindrance or delay;

Recognize the grave threats posed by the humanitarian situation resulting from the conflict, and;

commit to facilitate full and unhindered humanitarian access to all areas of South Sudan in compliance with the Agreements;

Underline that both parties are committed by national and international law to prevent the recruitment and mobilization of child soldiers, and that

the recruitment and use of child soldiers constitutes grave violations of the laws of war;

Now therefore,

Agree to rededicate to the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement of 23rd January 2014 and further agree to implement the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement in accordance with the “Implementation Modalities for the Cessation of Hostilities Matrix,” and its addendum, as annexed below.

Agree to immediate and comprehensive implementation of all aspects of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement and other subsequent agreements thereafter.

Signed this day 9th of November 2014, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

For the Government of the Republic of South Sudan

Hon. Nhial Deng Nhial

For the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Army in Opposition

Gen. Taban Deng Gai

Witness by the IGAD Special Envoys

H.E. Amb.

Seyoum Mesfin

Gen. Lazoro K. Sumbeiywo

Gen. Mohamed Ahmed M. El Dabi