Ceasefire Agreement (Zawiyya Agreement)

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Country/entity: Libya
Region: Middle East and North Africa
Agreement name: Ceasefire Agreement (Zawiyya Agreement)
Date: 4 Sep 2018
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Libyan Conflicts (1969 - 1994) (2011 - )
Agreements relate to two distinct conflict dyads.
Libya-Chad. Since the 1970s, Libya under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi had a tense relationship with its neighbour Chad, predominantly focused on the resource-rich Aouzou Strip in northern Chad. Libyan claims of the Aouzou Strip were held in an un-ratified treaty between France and Italy in 1935, similarly Chadian claims of the Strip were argued with support of a 1955 treaty between Libya and France. In 1973, Libya effectively annexed the Strip to gain access to natural resources. This spurred cross-border clashes between 1979 until 1987 until escalated to a brief war known as the Toyota War, wherein Chadian government troops succeeded in repelling Libyan forces. A brief and repeatedly violated ceasefire was held from 1987-88, followed by a series of unsuccessful negotiations, until an International Court of Justice ruling in 1994, which granted sovereignty of the Strip to Chad.

Libya post-Gaddafi. Gaddafi’s downfall following the Libyan Civil War in 2011-2012, led to several factions fighting for the country’s leadership. Since 2013, the country effectively split into three entities, with the National Army controlling the east including the city of Benghazi, and the New General National Congress and their militias such as the Golden Dawn controlling the northwest including the capital of Tripoli. Significant portions of the country in the south-west are currently held by Tuareg forces. The civil war and chaos continued into 2014 as the General National Congress refused to disband after the expiry of its mandate, resulting in eruption of mass protests. The UN efforts continue to broker peace between the Libyan Army and the Libya Dawn factions, and a partial ceasefire was declared in January 2015. A new interim-government (Tunisia-based) called ‘Government of National Accord’ is formed with the backing of UN despite the refusal of the other forces to recognise its authority and arrived to Tripoli with the UN in 2016. A state of emergency was declared by the UN backed government amid clashed between rival militia in Tripoli’s southern suburbs. Since April 2019 there has been sustained fighting between the Libyan National Army and the UN-backed government in Tripoli as the Libyan National Army aims to seize Tripoli.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Libyan peace process
Parties: Representatives of the Government of National Accord, military commanders, security apparatuses and armed groups present in and around the Capital [UNSMIL Statement]

[21 Signatories, illegible]
Third parties: "Signed under the auspices of Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Libya Dr. Ghassan Salame" [according to UNSMIL Statement]
Description: Seven-point ceasefire providing for an end to hostilities and any action potentially interpreted as hostile; avoidance of civilian and collateral damage, and reopening of Mitiga Airport and roads out of Tripoli.

Agreement document: LY_180904_Ceasefire Agreement_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 1, III. Ensure civilians are not put at risk and human rights are respected as stipulated by national and international laws;
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 1, III. Ensure civilians are not put at risk and human rights are respected as stipulated by national and international laws;
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 1, V. Ensure the reopening of Mitiga airport as well as all roads in and out of the Capital;
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, III. Ensure civilians are not put at risk and human rights are respected as stipulated by national and international laws;

Page 1, IV. Protect all private and public properties;
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, The Parties agree to seek a peaceful resolution to the crisis, particularly a cessation of hostilities and an appropriate monitoring mechanism;

Page 1, Upon the signing of this Agreement, the Parties to this Agreement hereby commit to:
I. Cease all hostilities;

Page 1, ... II. Halt any further hostile movement that would hamper implementation of the ceasefire;
Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 1, IV. Protect all private and public properties;

Page 1, VI. Refrain from taking any action that may lead to armed confrontation including all movement of forces, ammunition resupply, or any other action that could be viewed as generating tensions;
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, VII. Ensure that all groups under their command shall observe this Agreement.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, VII. Ensure that all groups under their command shall observe this Agreement.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UNSMIL, UNSMIL Statement on the Facilitation of a Ceasefire Agreement to end Fighting in Tripoli , 4 September 2018, https://unsmil.unmissions.org/unsmil-statement-facilitation-ceasefire-agreement-end-fighting-tripoli

This Agreement is among the signatories below;

On the basis of the United Nations’ deep concern over the violence and humanitarian harm resulting from the armed conflict in Tripoli, and the offer of the United Nations Secretary General for his Special Representative to facilitate an agreement between the various Libyan parties;

The Parties agree to seek a peaceful resolution to the crisis, particularly a cessation of hostilities and an appropriate monitoring mechanism;

If the various parties demonstrate genuine and full respect for the commitments below, further dialogue will be established by the United Nations and will be dedicated to discussing the appropriate security arrangements in the Capital.

Upon the signing of this Agreement, the Parties to this Agreement hereby commit to:

I. Cease all hostilities;

II. Halt any further hostile movement that would hamper implementation of the ceasefire;

III. Ensure civilians are not put at risk and human rights are respected as stipulated by national and international laws;

IV. Protect all private and public properties;

V. Ensure the reopening of Mitiga airport as well as all roads in and out of the Capital;

VI. Refrain from taking any action that may lead to armed confrontation including all movement of forces, ammunition resupply, or any other action that could be viewed as generating tensions;

VII. Ensure that all groups under their command shall observe this Agreement.

4 September 2018