Agreement between the Governments of Sudan and Uganda (The Nairobi Agreement)

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Country/entity
Sudan
Uganda
Region
Africa (excl MENA)
Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name
Agreement between the Governments of Sudan and Uganda (The Nairobi Agreement)
Date
8 Dec 1999
Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement
Yes
Agreement/conflict level
Interstate/intrastate conflict(s) ( Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )Ugandan Conflicts (1970 - ) )
Stage
Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature
Territory
Peace process
Sudanese (North-South) peace process
Parties
Yoweri Museveni, President of the Republic of Uganda; Omar al-Bashir, President of the Republic of Sudan
Third parties
WITNESSED BY: Jimmy Carter, Former U.S. President and Chair of the Carter Center; Daniel Moi, President of Kenya; FOR SUDAN: Ali Abdulrahman al-Numeiri, State Minister of For. Affairs; Amb. Mahdi Ibrahim; Hassan Abalwahab; Amb. Omer Yousif Bireedo; Yahia Hussein Babiker; Abdel Karim Abdallah; Brig. Gen. Yassin Arabi Mohammed; Mutrif Siddiq Ali; FOR UGANDA: Ruhakana Rugunda, Min. in charge of Presidency; James Wapakhablo; Amama Mbabazi; Amama Mbabazi; Chango Machyo; Busho Ndinyenka; Amb. Khalid Younis Kinene; Ms. Zam Zam Naguija
Description
Agreement seeking to normalise relations between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of Uganda. Calls for respect of sovereignty and territorial integrity, in accordance with the Charters of the UN and the Organisation of African Unity. The parties agree to renounce the use of force to resolve differences, and will take setps to prevent any hostile actions against each other.

Agreement document
UG_SD_991208_Agmt between Sudan and Ugand (Nairobi Agmt).pdf | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth
Groups→Children/youth→Substantive
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
...
8. We especially condemn any abuse or injury of innocent citizens, and will make a special effort to locate any abductees, especially children, who have been abducted in the past and return them to their families. All information about such cases will be shared with The Carter Center, UNICEF, and other international organizations and we will cooperate fully in the search and rescue of these victims, beginning immediately with those who can be identified.
Disabled persons
No specific mention.
Elderly/age
No specific mention.
Migrant workers
No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
Religious groups
No specific mention.
Indigenous people
No specific mention.
Other groups
No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons
Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical
Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
9. We will honor international laws governing refugees, NGO activities, and cross-border transportation, and facilitate the return or resettlement of refugees in accordance with UNHCR regulations.
Social class
No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender
No specific mention.
Men and boys
No specific mention.
LGBTI
No specific mention.
Family
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
8. We especially condemn any abuse or injury of innocent citizens, and will make a special effort to locate any abductees, especially children, who have been abducted in the past and return them to their families. All information about such cases will be shared with The Carter Center, UNICEF, and other international organizations and we will cooperate fully in the search and rescue of these victims, beginning immediately with those who can be identified.

State definition

Nature of state (general)
Each will respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the other.
State configuration
No specific mention.
Self determination
No specific mention.
Referendum
No specific mention.
State symbols
No specific mention.
Independence/secession
No specific mention.
Accession/unification
No specific mention.
Border delimitation
No specific mention.
Cross-border provision
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
1. Each of us will respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other, in accordance with the charters of the United Nations and the Organization for African Unity.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
2. We renounce the use of force to resolve differences, and will take steps to prevent any hostile acts against each other.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
3. We will make every effort to disband and disarm terrorist groups and to prevent any acts of terrorism or hostile actions that might originate in our territory that might endanger the security of the other nation.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
4. We agree not to harbor, sponsor, or give military or logistical support to any rebel groups, opposition groups, or hostile elements from each others' territories.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
5. We will join in a common effort to promote regional peace, both on our own initiative and in full support and in no way to prejudice or interfere with IGAD's role in bringing an end to the civil war in Sudan.

Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
9. We will honor international laws governing refugees, NGO activities, and cross-border transportation, and facilitate the return or resettlement of refugees in accordance with UNHCR regulations.

Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
10. parties commit to offer amnesty and reintegration assistance to all former combatants who renounce the use of force

Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
11. If all other terms of this agreement are honored satisfactorily, we desire to reestablish normal relations between our two countries. Within a month of this date, we will open offices in both capital cities and assign junior diplomatic personnel for service. By the end of February 2000, ambassadors will be exchanged and full diplomatic
relations restored.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed)
No specific mention.
Elections
No specific mention.
Electoral commission
No specific mention.
Political parties reform
No specific mention.
Civil society
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
8. We especially condemn any abuse or injury of innocent citizens, and will make a special effort to locate any abductees, especially children, who have been abducted in the past and return them to their families. All information about such cases will be shared with The Carter Center, UNICEF, and other international organizations and we will cooperate fully in the search and rescue of these victims, beginning immediately with those who can be identified.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
9. We will honor international laws governing refugees, NGO activities, and cross-border transportation, and facilitate the return or resettlement of refugees in accordance with UNHCR regulations.

Page 2, In order to implement this agreement, designated members of our contact groups will act as an interim committee. As soon as practical, a joint ministerial committee will be established with at least three sub committees, to deal with political, security, and humanitarian issues. We understand that, when requested, the Carter Center will publicize this agreement and continue to play a role in its implementation.
Traditional/religious leaders
No specific mention.
Public administration
No specific mention.
Constitution
No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing
No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
Military power sharing
No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
8. We especially condemn any abuse or injury of innocent citizens, and will make a special effort to locate any abductees, especially children, who have been abducted in the past and return them to their families. All information about such cases will be shared with The Carter Center, UNICEF, and other international organizations and we will cooperate fully in the search and rescue of these victims, beginning immediately with those who can be identified.
Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation
Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
9. We will honor international laws governing refugees, NGO activities, and cross-border transportation, and facilitate the return or resettlement of refugees in accordance with UNHCR regulations.
Civil and political rights
No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship
No specific mention.
Democracy
No specific mention.
Detention procedures
No specific mention.
Media and communication
Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
6. We will refrain from hostile and negative propaganda campaigns against each other.
Mobility/access
No specific mention.
Protection measures
No specific mention.
Other
No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI
No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
Traditional Laws
No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 2, In order to implement this agreement, designated members of our contact groups will act as an interim committee. As soon as practical, a joint ministerial committee will be established with at least three sub committees, to deal with political, security, and humanitarian issues. We understand that, when requested, the Carter Center will publicize this agreement and continue to play a role in its implementation.
National economic plan
No specific mention.
Natural resources
No specific mention.
International funds
No specific mention.
Business
No specific mention.
Taxation
No specific mention.
Banks
No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
Environment
No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees
No specific mention.
Ceasefire
Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
2. We renounce the use of force to resolve differences, and will take steps to prevent any hostile acts against each other.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
3. We will make every effort to disband and disarm terrorist groups and to prevent any acts of terrorism or hostile actions that might originate in our territory that might endanger the security of the other nation.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
5. We will join in a common effort to promote regional peace, both on our own initiative and in full support and in no way to prejudice or interfere with IGAD's role in bringing an end to the civil war in Sudan.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
6. We will refrain from hostile and negative propaganda campaigns against each other.

Page 2, In order to implement this agreement, designated members of our contact groups will act as an interim committee. As soon as practical, a joint ministerial committee will be established with at least three sub committees, to deal with political, security, and humanitarian issues. We understand that, when requested, the Carter Center will publicize this agreement and continue to play a role in its implementation.
Police
No specific mention.
Armed forces
No specific mention.
DDR
Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
3. We will make every effort to disband and disarm terrorist groups and to prevent any acts of terrorism or hostile actions that might originate in our territory that might endanger the security of the other nation.

Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
10. parties commit to offer amnesty and reintegration assistance to all former combatants who renounce the use of force
Intelligence services
No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
4. We agree not to harbor, sponsor, or give military or logistical support to any rebel groups, opposition groups, or hostile elements from each others' territories.

Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
10. parties commit to offer amnesty and reintegration assistance to all former combatants who renounce the use of force.
Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
Corruption
No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
Drugs
No specific mention.
Terrorism
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
1. Each of us will respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other, in accordance with the charters of the United Nations and the Organization for African Unity.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
2. We renounce the use of force to resolve differences, and will take steps to prevent any hostile acts against each other.

Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
3. We will make every effort to disband and disarm terrorist groups and to prevent any acts of terrorism or hostile actions that might originate in our territory that might endanger the security of the other nation.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon
Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper
Page 2, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
10. parties commit to offer amnesty and reintegration assistance to all former combatants who renounce the use of force
Courts
No specific mention.
Mechanism
No specific mention.
Prisoner release
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
7. We will return all prisoners of war to their respective nations.
Vetting
No specific mention.
Victims
Page 1, In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:
8. We especially condemn any abuse or injury of innocent citizens, and will make a special effort to locate any abductees, especially children, who have been abducted in the past and return them to their families. All information about such cases will be shared with The Carter Center, UNICEF, and other international organizations and we will cooperate fully in the search and rescue of these victims, beginning immediately with those who can be identified.
Missing persons
No specific mention.
Reparations
No specific mention.
Reconciliation
No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory
No specific mention.
Other international signatory
No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar
No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism
Page 2, In order to implement this agreement, designated members of our contact groups will act as an interim committee. As soon as practical, a joint ministerial committee will be established with at least three sub committees, to deal with political, security, and humanitarian issues. We understand that, when requested, the Carter Center will publicize this agreement and continue to play a role in its implementation.
Related cases
No specific mention.
Source
Peacemaker.un.org,. 2015. 'UN Peacemaker'. http://peacemaker.un.org.

Agreement between the Governments of Sudan and Uganda, 8 December, 1999

“The Nairobi Agreement”

In order to enhance relations between our two countries and to promote peace in the regions, we make the following commitments:

1. Each of us will respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other, in accordance with the charters of the United Nations and

the Organization for African Unity.

2. We renounce the use of force to resolve differences, and will take steps to prevent any hostile acts against each other.

3. We will make every effort to disband and disarm terrorist groups and to prevent any acts of terrorism or hostile actions that might originate in our territory that might endanger the security of the other nation.

4. We agree not to harbor, sponsor, or give military or Iogistical support to any rebel groups, opposition groups, or hostile elements

from each others' territories.

5. We will join in a common effort to promote regional peace, both on our own initiative and in full support and in no way to prejudice or

interfere with IGAD's role in bringing an end to the civil war in Sudan.

6. We will refrain from hostile and negative propaganda campaigns against each other.

7. We will return all prisoners of war to their respective nations.

8. We especially condemn any abuse or injury of innocent citizens, and will make a special effort to locate any abductees, especially children,

who have been abducted in the past and return them to their families.

All information about such cases will be shared with The Carter Center, UNICEF, and other international organizations and we will cooperate

fully in the search and rescue of these victims, beginning immediately with those who can be identified.

9. We will honor international laws governing refugees, NGO activities, and cross-border transportation, and facilitate the return or resettlement of refugees in accordance with UNHCR regulations.

10. We will offer amnesty and reintegration assistance to all former combatants who renounce the use of force.

11. If all other terms of this agreement are honored satisfactorily, we desire to reestablish normal relations between our two countries.

Within a month of this date, we will open offices in both capital cities and assign junior diplomatic personnel for service.

By the end of February 2000, ambassadors will be exchanged and full diplomatic relations restored.

In order to implement this agreement, designated members of our contact groups will act as an interim committee.

As soon as practical, a

joint ministerial committee will be established with at least three sub committees, to deal with political, security, and humanitarian issues.

We understand that, when requested, the Carter Center will publicize this agreement and continue to play a role in its implementation.

President Republic of Uganda [Yoweri Museveni]

President Republic of Sudan [Omar al-Bashir]

Witnessed by:

Former U.S, President, Chair, The Carter Center [Jimmy Carter]

President, Republic of Kenya [Daniel Moi]

Sudan:

Ali Abdulrahman al-Numeiri, State Minister of For.

Affairs

Amb. Mahdi Ibrahim

Hassan Abalwahab

Amb. Omer Yousif Bireedo

Yahia Hussein Babiker

Abdel Karim Abdallah

Brig.

Gen. Yassin Arabi Mohammed

Mutrif Siddiq Ali

Uganda:

Ruhakana Rugunda, Min.

in charge of Presidency

James Wapakhablo

Amama Mbabazi

Ali Kirunda Kivejinja

Chango Machyo

Busho Ndinyenka

Amb. Khalid Younis Kinene

Ms. Zam Zam Naguija