Agreement for Lasting Peace through the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities Between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)

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Country/entity: Ethiopia
Tigray
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement for Lasting Peace through the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities Between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)
Date: 2 Nov 2022
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Ethiopia's Territorial Conflicts (1990 - )
Agreements relate to three distinct (but related) conflict contexts:

Ethiopia-Eritrea. The first relates to the relationship between Ethiopia and Eritrea in the post-1990 period. In 1991, the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) defeated the communist military junta (‘Derg’) in Ethiopia and proclaimed independence for Eritrea. At the same time, Derg itself was overthrown by the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Forces (EPRDF), which established a transitional government in Ethiopia. Eritrea was granted an independence referendum, which resulted in a 99.8 per cent pro-independence vote. However, border tensions and heavy disputes, in particular on minority rights and economic issues, between EPLF and EPRDF led to new fighting between the two countries in 1998. A mediation by the US administration led to a difficult truce and in 2000 a peace agreement was signed. The ruling of the Border Commission established by the agreement was rejected by Ethiopia. The border continued to be heavily occupied by troops on both sides and border skirmishes continued into 2016. In June 2018, after a series of summits, the state of war was declared over in a Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship, as Ethiopia finally agreed to honour the ruling of the Border Commission. This followed by a series of steps to improve political, economic and diplomatic ties. Transport and telephone links have been re-established, and borders reopened. In July 2018, the countries have signed the ‘Agreement on Peace, Friendship and Comprehensive Cooperation’ reiterating their commitment to achieving long-lasting peace in the region.

Ethiopia-Ogaden. The third relates to the remaining conflict in the Ogaden region. Here the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) in 1994 waged war against the Ethiopian government, demanding secession from the Ethiopian state and integration into Greater Somalia. Despite signing several agreements, low-intensity guerrilla warfare is still ongoing, although ONLF’s strength significantly declined after 2009. Pursuant to an agreement with the federal government, they have returned from Eritrea to pursue peaceful political struggle and planning to register as a party and participate in 2020 elections.

Ethiopia-internal. The second relates to the attempts to reach settlement between contending groups post the Derg’s overthrow with a negotiated political charter and ‘peace agreement’ constitution.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Ethiopia: Tigray process
Parties: For the Government of the FDRE
(Illegible Signature)

For the Tigrays People's Liberation Front
(Illegible Signature)
Third parties: His Excellency Moussa Faki Mahamat,
Chairperson African Union Commission

His Excellency Olusegun Obasanjo,
former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and AU High Representatives for the Horn of Africa

His Exellency Uhuru Kenyatta,
former President of the Republic of Kenya (Panel Member)

Her Excellency Dr. Phunzile Mlambo-Ngeuka,
former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa (Panel Member)
Description: Cessation of hostilities agreement which addresses DDR, protection of civilians, gender based violence and access.

Agreement document: ET_22112_Agreement for Lasting Peace through the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Substantive
Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.

Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect;
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: Groups→Elderly/age→Substantive
Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.

Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect;
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical
Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
3) The Government of FDRE undertakes to facilitate the return and reintegration of internal displaced persons and refugees, whenever the security situation permits.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.

Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect;
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.

Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
2) The Parties undertake to cooperate among themselves and with the relevant humanitarian agencies to assist in reuniting families;

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
1) Respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE);

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.

Page 6-7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
2) The ENDF shall safeguard sovereignty, integrity, and security of the country from foreign incursion and ensure that there will be no provocation or incursion from either side of the border.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Page 7, Article 9 — Restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region and representation in federal institutions
1) The Parties agree on the restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region, including control of federal institutions and agencies.
2) The Federal Government shall ensure and facilitate the representation of the Tigray region in the federal institutions, including the House of Federation, and House of Peoples' Representatives, in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and applicable laws.
Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutions
Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
1. Within a week of the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) and until elections for the Regional Council and the House of Peoples’ Representatives are held under the supervision of the Ethiopian National Election Board, the establishment of an Interim Regional Administration will be settled through political dialogue between the Parties;
2. A week after the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) the Parties shall start a political dialogue to find lasting solutions to the underlying political differences between them;
...
4. The Parties commit to resolving issues of contested areas in accordance with the Constitution Of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia.
Elections: Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
1. Within a week of the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) and until elections for the Regional Council and the House of Peoples’ Representatives are held under the supervision of the Ethiopian National Election Board, the establishment of an Interim Regional Administration will be settled through political dialogue between the Parties;
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitution affirmation/renewal
Page 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
2) Restore the constitutional order disrupted due to the conflict in the Tigray Region;

Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
b) Legality and respect for constitutional norms and principles enshrined in the FDRE Constitution;

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Federal or similar sub-divided government
Page 7, Article 9 — Restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region and representation in federal institutions
1) The Parties agree on the restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region, including control of federal institutions and agencies.
2) The Federal Government shall ensure and facilitate the representation of the Tigray region in the federal institutions, including the House of Federation, and House of Peoples' Representatives, in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and applicable laws.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 2, Preamble
...Mindful of the desire of the people of Ethiopia to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive democratic society based on justice, equality, respect for human rights, and the rule of law;

Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
c. Respect for fundamental human rights and democratic norms and principles;
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
Respect for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance;
Accountability and justice in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and the AU Transitional Justice Policy Framework;

Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
1) The Parties shall protect the human rights of the civilian population and commit to upholding applicable international humanitarian law instruments to which Ethiopia is a party;

Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
Respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE);
...c. Respect for fundamental human rights and democratic norms and principles;
...e. Respect for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance;
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Other
Page 4, Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
3. The Permanent Cessation of hostilities lies shall include the cessation of all forms of hostile propaganda, rhetoric, and hate speech:
Mobility/access: Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
g. Unhindered humanitarian access to all in need of assistance;

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
d) Mobilize and expedite humanitarian assistance for all those in need in the Tigray Region and other affected areas, and ensure unhindered humanitarian access.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
d. Protection of civilians;

Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
1) The Parties shall protect the human rights of the civilian population and commit to upholding applicable international humanitarian law instruments to which Ethiopia is a party;
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
g. Unhindered humanitarian access to all in need of assistance;
h. The use of humanitarian aid exclusively for humanitarian purposes.
...
j. Relief and Reconstruction;

Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect;
2) The Parties undertake to cooperate among themselves and with the relevant humanitarian agencies to assist in reuniting families;
3) The Government of FDRE undertakes to facilitate the return and reintegration of internal displaced persons and refugees, whenever the security situation permits.
4) The Parties shall ensure the humanitarian aid is only used for humanitarian purposes.

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
d) Mobilize and expedite humanitarian assistance for all those in need in the Tigray Region and other affected areas, and ensure unhindered humanitarian access.
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction
Page 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
9) Facilitate economic recovery and reconstruction;

Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
j. Relief and Reconstruction;

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
b) Expedite and coordinate the restoration of essential services in the Tigray region within agreed timeframes;

Page 7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
3) The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
4) Guarantee security for all;

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
b) Refrain from aiding and abetting, supporting, or collaborating with any armed or subversive group in any part of the country.
...
d) Refrain from conscription, training, deployment, mobilization, or preparation for conflict and hostilities.
...
f) Cease all attempts of bringing about an unconstitutional change of government.

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants;
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
1) Reach an immediate and Permanent Cessation of Hostilities with a view to silencing the Guns and creating a conducive environment and laying the foundation for sustainable peace;

Page 4, Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
1. The Parties commit and declare an immediate and Permanant Cessastion of Hostilities, and undertake to disengage forces or armed groups under their control;
2. This Permanent Cessation of all forms of hostilities shall include, among others: the cessation of overt and covert acts of violence; laying of mines; sabotage; airstrikes; direct or indirect ads of violence; and subversion or use of proxies to destabilize the other party or collusion with any external force hostile to either party;
3. The Permanent Cessation of hostilities lies shall include the cessation of all forms of hostile propaganda, rhetoric, and hate speech:
4. The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities shall pave the way for the restoration of the constitutional order in the Tigray Region and political dialogue between the Parties:
5. The Parties agree to restore the presence of federal authority in Mekelle in order to create a conducive environment for the resumption of public services in the region us well as to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the city. To this effect, the Parties agree that the ENDF and other relevant Federal Institutions shall have an expeditious, smooth, peaceful, and coordinated entry into Mckelle, which shall be facilitated through the open communication channel to he established between the senior commanders of the Parties as per Article 6 (c) of this Agreement.

Page 7-8, Article 11 — Monitoring, Verification, and Compliance
1) The Parties agree to institute a monitoring, verification, and compliance mechanism for the effective implementation of the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities. For this purpose, the
Parties agree to establish a Joint Committee comprising a representative from each party a representative from IGAD and chaired by the African Union through the High-Level Panel. The Joint Committee shall be assisted by a team of African Experts;
2) The AU, through the High-LeveI Panel, shall appoint a team of African experts to monitor the implementation of the permanent cessation of hostilities agreed upon under Article 3 of this Agreement. The Parties shall appoint one expert each to work with the team of African Experts:
3) The AU, through the High-Level Panel shall consult with the Parties regarding the terms of reference and the profile of the Experts.
4) The specific functions of the experts, including those with a military background, shall be agreed upon between the Parties and the AU, through the High-Level Panel;
5) The number of experts shall not exceed ten (10). If additional experts are needed. This shall be agreed upon with the Parties;
6) The duration of the mandate of the experts shall be six months from the date the experts are deployed. This period could be extended upon agreement with the Parties;
7) The AU, through the High-Level Panel may, in agreement with the Parties. Augment the work of the experts with satellite imagery;
8) Whenever the team of experts finds instances of violation of the cessation of hostilities, they will inform the concerned party to take immediate measures to rectify the violation;
9) They will also inform the other party and Joint Committee of any communication under the preceding sub-article. If the violation is not rectified within 24 hours, the AU, through the High-Level Panel will convene the Joint Committee to resolve the problem.
Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 2, Preamble
...Convinced of the need to agree upon the terms for the permanent cessation of hostilities and modalities for the peaceful settlement of all political differences and disputes;
Police: Page 6-7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
...
3) The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region.
Armed forces: Page 4, Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
5. The Parties agree to restore the presence of federal authority in Mekelle in order to create a conducive environment for the resumption of public services in the region us well as to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the city. To this effect, the Parties agree that the ENDF and other relevant Federal Institutions shall have an expeditious, smooth, peaceful, and coordinated entry into Mckelle, which shall be facilitated through the open communication channel to he established between the senior commanders of the Parties as per Article 6 (c) of this Agreement.

Page 5, Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
The Parties:
a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
c) Respect the constitutional mandate of the Federal Government to deploy the Ethiopian National Defence Force as well as federal security and law enforcement agencies to discharge their responsibilities under the Constitution, relevant laws, and regulations.

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants;

Page 6-7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
1) The ENDF shall be deployed along the international boundaries of Ethiopia.
2) The ENDF shall safeguard sovereignty, integrity, and security of the country from foreign incursion and ensure that there will be no provocation or incursion from either side of the border.
3) The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 5, Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
The Parties:
a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;
b. Shall design and implement a comprehensive DDR program for TPLF combatants consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
c. Agree that within 24 hours of the signing of this Agreement, an open channel of communication between senior commanders of both sides will be established;
d. Agree to organize a meeting of senior commanders within 5 days from the signing of this Agreement to discuss and work out detailed modalities for disarmament for the TPLF combatants, taking into account the security situation on the ground;
e. Agree to undertake the disarmament of the heavy armaments of the TPLF combatants as a matter of priority based on a detailed schedule to be agreed upon between the senior commanders of the Parties. The disarmament activities in the schedule should be completed within ten days from the conclusion of the meeting of senior commanders. The ten-day period could be extended based on the recommendation of the senior commanders, to be endorsed by the parties.
f. Agree to finalize the overall disarmament of the TPLF, including light weapons, within 30 days from the signing of this Agreement;
g. Agree that the demobilization and reintegration plan will take into account the Region's law-and-order needs.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 5, Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
The Parties:
a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;
b. Shall design and implement a comprehensive DDR program for TPLF combatants consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
c. Agree that within 24 hours of the signing of this Agreement, an open channel of communication between senior commanders of both sides will be established;
d. Agree to organize a meeting of senior commanders within 5 days from the signing of this Agreement to discuss and work out detailed modalities for disarmament for the TPLF combatants, taking into account the security situation on the ground;
e. Agree to undertake the disarmament of the heavy armaments of the TPLF combatants as a matter of priority based on a detailed schedule to be agreed upon between the senior commanders of the Parties. The disarmament activities in the schedule should be completed within ten days from the conclusion of the meeting of senior commanders. The ten-day period could be extended based on the recommendation of the senior commanders, to be endorsed by the parties.
f. Agree to finalize the overall disarmament of the TPLF, including light weapons, within 30 days from the signing of this Agreement;
g. Agree that the demobilization and reintegration plan will take into account the Region's law-and-order needs.

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
a) Respect the constitutional authority of the Federal Government, all constitutional bodies and organs of the Federal Government, including but not limited to the authority of the Federal Government to control all federal facilities, institutions, and the international boundaries of the country.
b) Refrain from aiding and abetting, supporting, or collaborating with any armed or subversive group in any part of the country.
c) Respect the constitutional mandate of the Federal Government to deploy the Ethiopian National Defence Force as well as federal security and law enforcement agencies to discharge their responsibilities under the Constitution, relevant laws, and regulations.
d) Refrain from conscription, training, deployment, mobilization, or preparation for conflict and hostilities.
e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.
f) Cease all attempts of bringing about an unconstitutional change of government.

Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants;
...
c) Facilitate the lifting of the terrorist designation of the TPLF by the House of Peoples' Representatives;
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
c) Facilitate the lifting of the terrorist designation of the TPLF by the House of Peoples' Representatives;

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: Page 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
6) Provide a framework for addressing matters arising out of the conflict;
7) Provide a framework to ensure accountability for matters arising out of the conflict;

Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
f. Accountability and justice in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and the AU Transitional Justice Policy Framework;

Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
8) Foster reconciliation and the rehabilitation of social bonds;

Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
i. Reconciliation and rehabilitation;

Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: His Excellency Moussa Faki Mahamat,
Chairperson African Union Commission

His Excellency Olusegun Obasanjo,
former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and AU High Representatives for the Horn of Africa

His Exellency Uhuru Kenyatta,
former President of the Republic of Kenya (Panel Member)

Her Excellency Dr. Phunzile Mlambo-Ngeuka,
former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa (Panel Member)
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: https://borkena.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Ethiopia-Peace-Agreement-Full-Text.pdf

AGREEMENT FOR LASTING PEACE THROUGH A PERMANENT CESSATION

OF HOSTILITIES

BETWEEN

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF

ETHIOPIA AND THE TIGRAY PEOPLE'S LIBERATION FRONT (TPLF)

PREAMBLE

Agreeing to peacefully resolve the violent conflict that erupted on November 3, 2020, in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia in a manner consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;

Recognizing the destructive consequence of the conflict between the two Parties on human lives and livelihoods;

Affirming that political problems can only be sustainably resolved through political means;

Reiterating the Parties' commitment to the African Union's Agenda of Silencing the Guns by 2030, consistent with the spirit of 'African solutions to African problems;

Resolved to find a lasting and comprehensive solution to the conflict;

including restoration of constitutional order in the Tigray region;

Convinced of the need to agree upon the terms for the permanent cessation of hostilities and modalities for the peaceful settlement of all political differences and disputes;

Determined to seek a peaceful and lasting solution to the crisis within a framework of the permanent cessation of hostilities where a monitoring and verification mechanism shall be put in place to monitor compliance;

Recognising the efforts to bring a peaceful resolution to the crisis by the African Union, the African Union High-Level Panel led by His Excellency former President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, supported by His Excellency former President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya, and Her Excellency Dr. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, former Deputy President of South Africa, as well as the Republic of South Africa for graciously hosting the Peace Talks, and the observers for their support;

Mindful of the desire of the people of Ethiopia to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive democratic society based on justice, equality, respect for hu an rights, and the rule of law;

The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (the Government) and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (the TPLF) (together referred to as the Parties) agree to the following terms;

Article I — Objectives

The objectives of this Agreement are to:

Reach an immediate and Permanent Cessation of Hostilities with a view to silencing the Guns and creating a conducive environment and laying the foundation for sustainable peace;

Restore the constitutional order disrupted due to the conflict in the Tigray Region;

Reject violence as a method of resolving political differences;

Guarantee security for all;

Ensure a lasting settlement of the conflict;

Provide a framework for addressing matters arising out of the conflict;

Provide a framework to ensure accountability for matters arising out of the conflict;

Foster reconciliation and the rehabilitation of social bonds;

Facilitate economic recovery and reconstruction;

Commit to addressing the underlying political differences;

Provide a framework for monitoring and verification of the implementation of the Agreement.

Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities

The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:

Respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE);

Legality and respect for constitutional norms and principles enshrined in the FDRE

Constitution;

Respect for fundamental human rights and democratic norms and principles;

Protection of civilians;

Respect for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance;

Accountability and justice in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and the AU

Transitional Justice Policy Framework;

Unhindered humanitarian access to all in need of assistance;

The use of humanitarian aid exclusively for humanitarian purposes.

Reconciliation and rehabilitation;

Relief and Reconstruction;

Good faith commitment in the implementation oldie Cessation of Hostilities and all subsequent stages of the peaceArticle 3 -

Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities

The Parties commit and declare an immediate and Permanant Cessastion of Hostilities, and undertake to disengage forces or armed groups under their control;

This Permanent Cessation of all forms of hostilities shall include, among others:

the cessation of overt and covert acts of violence;

laying of mines;

sabotage;

airstrikes;

direct or indirect ads of violence;

and subversion or use of proxies to destabilize the other party or collusion with any external force hostile to either party;

The Permanent Cessation of hostilities lies shall include the cessation of all forms of hostile propaganda, rhetoric, and hate speech:

The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities shall pave the way for the restoration of the constitutional order in the Tigray Region and political dialogue between the Parties:

The Parties agree to restore the presence of federal authority in Mekelle in order to create a conducive environment for the resumption of public services in the region us well as to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the city.

To this effect, the Parties agree that the ENDF and other relevant Federal Institutions shall have on expeditious.

smooth.

peaceful, and coordinated entry into Mckelle, which shall be facilitated through the open communication channel to he established between the senior commanders of the Parties as per Article 6 (c) of this Agreement.

Article 4 - Protection of Civilians

I) The Parties shall protect the human rights of the civilian population and commit to upholding applicable international humanitarian law instruments to which Ethiopia is a party;

2) The Partys shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.

Article 5 — Humanitarian Access

1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaberation with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly;

The Panics shall cooperate to this effect;

2) The Parties undertake to cooperate among themselves and with the relevant humanitarian agencies to assist in reuniting families;

3) The Goverment of' FDRE understakes to facilitate the return and reintegration of internall displaced persons and refugees, whenever the security situation permits.

4) The Parties shall ensure the humanitarian aid is only used for humanitarian purposes.

Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)

The Parties:

a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;

b. Shall design and implement a comprehensive DDR program for TPLF combatants consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;

c. Agree that within 24 hours of the signing of this Agreement, an open channel of communication between senior commanders of both sides will be established;

d. Agree to organize a meeting of senior commanders within 5 days from the signing of this Agreement to discuss and work out detailed modalities for disarmament for the TPLF combatants, taking into account the security situation on the ground;

e. Agree to undertake the disarmament of the heavy armaments of the TPLF combatants as a matter of priority based on a detailed schedule to be agreed upon between the senior commanders of the Parties.

The disarmament activities in the schedule should be completed within ten days from the conclusion of the meeting of senior commanders.

The ten-day period could be extended based on the recommendation of the senior commanders, to be endorsed by the parties.

f. Agree to finalize the overall disarmament of the TPLF, including light weapons, within 30 days from the signing of this Agreement;

g. Agree that the demobilization and reintegration plan will take into account the Region's law-and-order needs.

Article 7 — Confidence-building measures

1) The TPLF shall:

a) Respect the constitutional authority of the Federal Government, all constitutional bodies and organs of the Federal Government, including but not limited to the authority of the Federal Government to control all federal facilities, institutions, and the international boundaries of the country.

b) Refrain from aiding and abetting, supporting, or collaborating with any armed or subversive group in any part of the country.

c) Respect the constitutional mandate of the Federal Government to deploy the Ethiopian National Defence Force as well as federal security and law enforcement agencies to discharge their responsibilities under the Constitution, relevant laws, and regulations.

d) Refrain from conscription, training, deployment, mobilization, or preparation for conflict and hostilities.

e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.

f) Cease all attempts of bringing about an unconstitutional change of government.

2) The Government of the FDRE shall:

a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants;

b) Expedite and coordinate the restoration of essential services in the Tigray region within agreed timeframes;

c) Facilitate the lifting of the terrorist designation of the TPLF by the House of Peoples' Representatives;

d) Mobilize and expedite humanitarian assistance for all those in need in the Tigray Region and other affected areas, and ensure unhindered humanitarian access.

Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities

The ENDF shall be deployed along the international boundaries of Ethiopia.

The ENDF shall safeguard sovereignty, integrity, and security of the country from foreign incursion and ensure that there will be no provocation or incursion from either side of the border.

The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region.

Article 9 — Restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region and representation in federal institutions

The Parties agree on the restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region, including control of federal institutions and agencies.

The Federal Government shall ensure and facilitate the represenation of the tigray region in the federal institutions, including the House of Federation, and House of Peoples' Representatives, in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and application law

Article 10 — Transitional Measures

1. Within a week of the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) and until elections for the Regional Council and the House of Peoples’ Representatives are held under the supervision of the Ethiopian National Election Board, the establishment of an Interim Regional

Administration will bw settled through political dialogue between the Parties;

2. A week after the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) the Parties shall start a political dialogue to find lasting solutions to the underlying political differences between them;

3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth.

redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework.

The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal

national policy-making process.

4. The Parties commit to resolving issues of contested areas in accordance with the Constitution Of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia.

Article 11 — Monitoring, Verification, and Compliance

1) The Parties agree to institute a monitoring, verification, and compliance mechanism for the effective implementation of the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities.

For this purpose, the

Parties agree to establish a Joint Committee comprising a representative from each party a representative from IGAD and chaired by the African Union through the High-Level Panel.

The Joint Committee shall be assisted by a team of African Experts;

2) The AU, through the High-LeveI Panel, shall appoint a team of African experts to monitor the implementation of the permanent cessation of hostilities agreed upon under Article 3 of this Agreement.

The Parties shall appoint one expert each to work with the team of African Experts:

3) The AU, through the High-Level Panel shall consult with the Parties regarding the terms of reference and the profile of the Experts.

4) The specific functions of the experts, including those with a military background, shall be agreed upon between the Parties and the AU, through the High-Level Panel;

5) The number of experts shall not exceed ten (10).

If additional experts are needed.

This shall be agreed upon with the Parties;

6) The duration of the mandate of the experts shall be six months from the date the experts are deployed.

This period could be extended upon agreement with the Parties;

7) The AU, through the High-Level Panel may, in agreement with the Parties.

Augment the work of the experts with satellite imagery;

8) Whenever the team of experts finds instances of violation of the cessation of hostilities, they will inform the concerned party to take immediate measures to rectify the violation;

9) They will also inform the other party and Joint Committee of any communication under the preceding sub-article.

If the violation is not rectified within 24 hours, the AU, through the High-Level Panel will convene the Joint Committee to resolve the problem.

Article 12 — Good Faith Implementation

1) The Parties undertake to implement this Agreement in good faith and to refrain from any action that undermines is inconsistent with the spirit letter of this Cessation of Hostilities;

2) The Parties shall promote the objectives of the Cessation of Hostilities.

Article 13 — Joint Statement and communications

1) The Parties shall issue a joint statement on the importance of this Agreement and their joint commitment to work towards peace and stability of the country;

2) The Parties commit not to make any unilateral statement, in any form, that could undermine this Agreement;

3) All public statements, in any form, by the Parties, shall support the Agreement and prepare the ground for implementation.

Article 14 - Effective Date

The Agreement shall come into effect at 00:00 hours, East Africa Time (EAT) on 3rd November 2022.

Article 15 - Amendments to this Agreement

This Agreement may be amended by mutual consent of the Parties, which shall be in writing and signed by the Parties.

Done at Pretoria, the Republic of South Africa on 2nd November 2022.

For the Government of the FDRE

(Illegible Signature)

For the Tigrays People's Liberation Front

(Illegible Signature)

His Excellency Moussa Faki Mahamat,

Chairperson African Union Commission

His Excellency Olusegun Obasanjo,

former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and AU High Representatives for the Horn of Africa

His Exellency Uhuru Kenyatta,

former President of the Republic of Kenya (Panel Member)

His Excellency Dr. Phunzile Mlambo-Ngeuka,

former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa (Panel Member)