Peace Agreement

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Country/entity: South Sudan
Sudan
Southern Kordofan - Blue Nile - Abyei
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Peace Agreement
Date: 4 Apr 2000
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: South Sudan: Pre-secession Local Peace Processes
Parties: Dinka (Abyei, Tweig and Gourgrial) and the Messireya, under the supervision of 2 IC - for Brigadier 8 Commander Simon Deng Sawein.

The Signatories are:
1. Mr. James Paul Adyang — President/Head of the committee
2. Mr. Lozario Deng Bak — Deputy
3. Sultan Chiri Majok Athwai — Member
4. Al Amir and Sultan Garang Choi Bol — Member
5. Al Amir and Sultan Nyol Tag — Member
6. Mr. Deng Nyol Mathiang — Member
7. Major Ngok Chiri Deng — Member
8. Captain Juma'a Rehan Deng — Member
9. Captain Deng Deng Ajak — Member
10. Captain Gabriel Majak Malit — Member
11. Captain Bol Bol Atem — Member
12. First Lieutenant Alol Mayen Maraj

From the Messireya side, the following members signed the agreement:
1. Mougdam Hamad Shakin
2. Deij Osman Jama'a
3. Jama'a Deiar Jama'a
4. ... Adam Madou
5. Najeib Ousar Adam
6. Al Dibeib Ahmed Na'em
7. Ahmed Takou Khlaifa
8. A/Rahman Houb Allah Jamal
9. Dageein Doudou Ahmed
Third parties: -
Description: The local peace agreement in Sudan was signed on April 12, 2000, in Mulwal Agak area, between the Dinka (Abeyi, Tweig, and Gougrial) and the Messireya tribes. The agreement was supervised by Brigadier 8 Commander Simon Deng Sawein. The Dinka side agreed to recognize the Popular Movement and Sudanese Popular Liberation Army (SPLM/A) as the government fully responsible for the new Sudan, and demanded that nomads be strictly prohibited from carrying weapons in areas under the control of the SPLM. The agreement also specified the location of nomads, determined a location for trade activities, and required nomads to report to authorities before returning to their areas. Nomads were to pay a tax to the SPLM. On the other hand, the Messireya tribe requested protection of citizens and their properties, no shooting of their cows, and the cessation of cow theft. The peace committee agreed to all the conditions presented by the Messireya tribe.

Agreement document: SS_SD_000404_Peace Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
1. Recognition of the Popular Movement and Sudanese Popular Liberation Army (SPLM/A) as the government fully responsible of the new Sudan.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
...
3.The committee requested from the nomads the presence/coming of the Salteein, among them are Prince Kwal Deng and Kabashei El Tom as a matter of greatest importance.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
...
6.Nomads must report to the authorities in the area before going back to their areas.
7.Lastly, the nomads are to pay a tax to the SPLM as the case in other areas under the control of the Movement.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
...
5.Determining/specifying a location for trade activities
Taxation: Socio-economic reconstruction→Taxation→Power to tax
Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
...
7.Lastly, the nomads are to pay a tax to the SPLM as the case in other areas under the control of the Movement.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
...
2. Nomads are Strictly prohibited from carrying weapons in the areas under the control of the Popular Movement and Popular Army, this is considered as a principal/primary/fundamental condition.
3.The committee requested from the nomads the presence/coming of the Salteein, among them are Prince Kwal Deng and Kabashei El Tom as a matter of greatest importance.
4.Specifying/marking the location of nomads.
5.Determining/specifying a location for trade activities
6.Nomads must report to the authorities in the area before going back to their areas.
7.Lastly, the nomads are to pay a tax to the SPLM as the case in other areas under the control of the Movement.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
...
2.Nomads are Strictly prohibited from carrying weapons in the areas under the control of the Popular Movement and Popular Army, this is considered as a principal/primary/fundamental condition.

Page 1, On the other hand, the nomads requested the following from the SPLM:,
1.Protection of citizens and their properties.
2.No one to shoot the Messireya cows while present in the areas under the control of the Movement.
...
4.Protection of the peace committee while in session and in different situations.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, ...The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:,
1. Recognition of the Popular Movement and Sudanese Popular Liberation Army (SPLM/A) as the government fully responsible of the new Sudan.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: Page 1, On the other hand, the nomads requested the following from the SPLM:,
...
3.Stop/cease stealing of Messireya cows.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, On the other hand, the nomads requested the following from the SPLM:,
...
7.If there is a violation/ breach of agreement from the SPLM or the Messireya, the two parties are to sit and find a peaceful way to resolve the problem.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Rift Valley Institute, 2002. Conflict Transformation in Abyei [presentation at Joint Donors Meeting hosted by Netherlands Embassy], 4 June 2002. SLPD_20020604_01, p. 9. Sudan Open Archive. Available at: https://www.sudanarchive.net/

Subject:

Peace Agreement

Date:

12/4/2000

This agreement began on the 12th April, 2000 in Mulwal Agak area under the supervision of 2 IC — for Brigadier 8 Commander Simon Deng Sawein between the two opponents/ fighting parties:

Dinka (Abeyi, Tweig and Gougrial) and the Messireya.

The points of agreements from the Dinka side are as follows:

Recognition of the Popular Movement and Sudanese Popular Liberation Army (SPLM/A) as the government fully responsible of the new Sudan.

Nomads are Strictly prohibited from carrying weapons in the areas under the control of the Popular Movement and Popular Army, this is considered as a principal/primary/fundamental condition. .

The committee requested from the nomads the presence/coming of the Salteein, among them are Prince Kwal Deng and Kabashei El Tom as a matter of greatest importance.

Specifying/marking the location of nomads.

Determining/specifying a location for trade activities

Nomads must report to the authorities in the area before going back to their areas.

Lastly, the nomads are to pay a tax to the SPLM as the case in other areas under the control of the Movement.

The above mentioned points, with the exception of the second point, were agreed to.

On the other hand, the nomads requested the following from the SPLM:

Protection of citizens and their properties.

No one to shoot the Messireya cows while present in the areas under the control of the Movement.

Stop/cease stealing of Messireya cows.

Protection of the peace committee while in session and in different situations.

We (nomads) will take responsibility of any destructive action from our side.

We (nomads) are not responsible of any destructive action from the government side.

If there is a violation/ breach of agreement from the SPLM or the Messireya, the two parties are to sit and find a peaceful way to resolve the problem.

The committee agreed to all the conditions presented/submitted by the Messireya.

This took place on 14th April 2000 which is the last day of reaching agreement.

This agreement was signed by the concerned parties under the supervision of alternate commander Simon Deng 2 IC — for Brigadier 8

The Signatories are:

Mr. James Paul Adyang — President/Head of the committee

Mr. Lozario Deng Bak — Deputy

Sultan Chiri Majok Athwai — Member

Al Amir and Sultan Garang Choi Bol — Member

Al Amir and Sultan Nyol Tag — Member

Mr. Deng Nyol Mathiang — Member

Major Ngok Chiri Deng — Member

Captain Juma'a Rehan Deng — Member

Captain Deng Deng Ajak — Member

Captain Gabriel Majak Malit — Member

Captain Bol Bol Atem — Member

First Lieutenant Alol Mayen Maraj

From the Messireya side, the following members signed the agreement:

Mougdam Hamad Shakin

Deij Osman Jama'a

Jama'a Deiar Jama'a

... Adam Madou

Najeib Ousar Adam

Al Dibeib Ahmed Na'em

Ahmed Takou Khlaifa

A/Rahman Houb Allah Jamal

Dageein Doudou Ahmed

Peace Agreement

Groups

Gender

State definition

Governance

Power sharing

Human rights and equality

Rights related issues

Rights institutions

Justice sector reform

Socio-economic reconstruction

Land, property and environment

Security sector

Transitional justice

Implementation

Source agreement