Ceasefire Agreement (Lusaka Agreement)

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Country/entity: Democratic Republic of Congo
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Ceasefire Agreement (Lusaka Agreement)
Date: 10 Jul 1999
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Congo Civil Wars (1996 - )
The overthrow of the long-term dictator Mobutu Sese Seko by a rebel Tutsi army backed by Uganda and Rwanda in 1997 acted as a catalyst for a war with regional dimensions, mainly fought in the eastern Kivu provinces. The conflict escalated in 1998, when President Laurent Kabila, then backed by Zimbabwean and Angolan troops, ordered Rwanda and Uganda to leave. After Kabila’s assassination in 2001, his son Joseph took over the presidency and won in the 2006 democratic elections.

In the eastern provinces, Tutsi-led militias, mainly organised in the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), fought the remnants of the Rwandan Hutu force FDLR, with further involvement of Rwandan and Ugandan troops. Other regionally operating militia groups, like the Lord’s Resistance Army from Northern Uganda, the so-called Mai Mai groups or short-lived guerrilla outfits like the March 23 Movement (M23) further contributed, and still contribute, to the complexity of the situation in eastern DRC.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: DRC: Second Congo war process
Parties: The Republic of Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, The Republic of Namibia, The Republic of Rwanda, The Republic of Uganda, The Republic of Zimbabwe. Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (signed on 01/08/1999).

Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD) (signed on 31/08/1999)
Third parties: AS WITNESSES:

The Republic of Zambia, the Organization for African Unity (OAU), the United Nations and the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Description: Provided for cessation of hostilities. Parties expressed their commitment to addressing security concerns of DRC and neighbouring countries and to the exchange of prisoners of war and release of other detainees. Provision was also made for the facilitation of humanitarian assistance; a UN peacekeeping force; a Joint Military Commission; the final withdrawal of foreign forces; re-establishment of state administration and open dialogue; formation of a national, integrated army; and a mechanism for disarmament and measures to facilitate repatriation of militias. Reaffirmed the sovereignty and territorial integrity of DRC and acceptance of the idea of equal rights for all citizens. Annexes gave further details on the implementation of various parts of the agreement and provided a timetable for implementation. Cessation of hostilities within 24 hs of signing the Agreement; agreed terms for inter-Congolese political negotiations; agreed calender for implementation.

Agreement document: CD_990710_LusakaAgreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Substantive
Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Rhetorical
Page 2, Annex , Preamble:
RECALLING the Pretoria Summit Communique dated 23rd August, 1998 re-affirming that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.
Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Substantive
Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:...

Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT:
...
16. The Parties re-affirm that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: Groups→Indigenous people→Substantive
Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 6, Article III, PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

10. The Parties shall facilitate humanitarian assistance through the opening up of humanitarian corridors and creation of conditions conducive to the provision of urgent humanitarian assistance to displaced persons, refugees and other affected persons.

Page 19-21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE
8.2 The mandate of the UN force shall include peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations as outlined below:-

…

f. Provide and maintain humanitarian assistance to and protect displaced persons, refugees and other affected persons;
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 2, Annex , Preamble

EMPHASISING the need to ensure that the principles of good neighbourliness and non interference in the internal affairs of other countries are respected;

Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

15. Nothing in the Agreement shall in any way undermine the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

...

18. In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and upon conclusion of the Inter-Congolese political negotiations, state administration shall be re-established throughout the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Page 16, Annex A, CHAPTER 5 NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION

5.5 Without prejudice to other points that may be raised by the participants, the Congolese Parties shall agree:-

...

(c)the new political dispensation in the DRC, in particular the institutions to be established for good governance purposes in the DRC;

(e) the draft of the Constitution which shall govern the DRC after the holding of the elections;

Page 17, Annex A, Chapter 6 RE -ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION OVER THE TERRITORY OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

6.1 In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and upon conclusion of the Inter-Congolese political negotiations, state
administration shall be re-established throughout the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

6.2 On the coming into force of the Agreement, there shall be a consultative mechanism among the Congolese Parties which
shall make it possible to carry out operations or actions throughout the national territory which are of general interest,
more particularly in the fields of public health (e.g. national immunisation campaign), education (e.g. marking of
secondary school leavers examinations), migrations, movement of persons and goods.
Elections: Page 16, Annex A, CHAPTER 5 NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION
5.5 Without prejudice to other points that may be raised by the participants, the Congolese Parties shall agree:-
... (d) the process of free, democratic and transparent elections in the DRC;

(e) the draft of the Constitution which shall govern the
DRC after the holding of the elections;
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 6, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT
... 9. The Parties shall allow immediate and unhindered access to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Red Crescent for the purpose of arranging the release of prisoners of war and other
persons detained as a result of the war as well as the recovery of the dead and the treatment of the wounded.

10. The Parties shall facilitate humanitarian assistance through the opening up of humanitarian corridors and creation of conditions conducive to the provision of urgent humanitarian assistance to displaced persons, refugees and other affected persons.

Page 12, Annex A, CHAPTER I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
1.1 The Parties, shall announce a cessation of hostilities, to be effective 24 hours after the signing of the Cease-fire Agreement. The announcement of cessation of hostilities shall be disseminated by the parties through command channels, and it shall concurrently be communicated to the civil population via print and electronic media.

Page 13, Annex A, CHAPTER 3, RELEASE OF HOSTAGES AND EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS OF WAR
3.1 Upon the cease-fire taking effect, all Parties shall provide ICRC/Red Crescent with relevant information concerning their prisoners of war or persons detained because of the war. They shall subsequently accord every assistance to the ICRC/Red Crescent representatives to enable them to visit the prisoners and detainees and verify any details and ascertain their condition and status.

3.2 On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Parties shall release persons detained because of the war or taken hostage, within three days of the signing of the Cease-fire Agreement and the ICRC/Red Crescent shall give them all the necessary assistance including relocation to any provinces within the DRC or any other country where their security will be guaranteed.

Page 19-21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE
8.2 The mandate of the UN force shall include peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations as outlined below:-
… h. Collect weapons from civilians and ensure that the weapons so collected are properly accounted for and adequately secured;

Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT
19. On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Government of the DRC, the armed opposition, namely, the RCD and Ml.C as well as the unarmed opposition shall enter into an open national dialogue. These inter-Congolese political negotiations involving 'les forces vives' shall lead to a new political dispensation and national reconciliation in the DRC. The inter-Congolese political negotiations shall be under the aegis of a neutral facilitator to be agreed upon by the Congolese parties. All the Parties commit themselves to supporting this dialogue and shall ensure that the inter-Congolese political negotiations are conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 5 of Annex 'A'.

Page 14-16, Annex A, CHAPTER 5 NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION
5.1 On the coming into force of the Cease-fire Agreement in the DRC, the Parties agree to do their utmost to facilitate the inter-Congolese political negotiations which should lead to a new political dispensation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

5.2 In order to arrive at a new political dispensation and national reconciliation arising from the inter-Congolese political negotiations, the Parties agree upon the implementation of the following principles:

(a) the inter-Congolese political negotiations process shall include beside the Congolese parties, namely the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Congolese Rally for Democracy and the Movement for the Liberation of Congo, the political opposition as well as representatives of the forces vives;

(b) all the participants in the inter-Congolese political negotiations shall enjoy equal status;

5.4 For the success of the all inclusive inter-Congolese political negotiations leading to national reconciliation, the facilitator shall be responsible for:
... (b) organising, in conjunction with the Congolese Parties, consultations with a view to inviting all the major organisations and groups of the recognised representative political opposition as well as the main representatives of the forces vives;

Page 29, ANNEX 'C', Enclosure III
DEFINITIONS
"Forces Vives" means all the stakeholders representatives of the civil society-such as the churches, Trade Unions etc.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/making
Page 16, Annex A, CHAPTER 5 NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION
5.5 Without prejudice to other points that may be raised by the participants, the Congolese Parties shall agree:-
... (e) the draft of the Constitution which shall govern the DRC after the holding of the elections;

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 2, Annex , Preamble:
RECALLING the Pretoria Summit Communique dated 23rd August, 1998 re-affirming that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.
Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:

Page 6, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT
... 9. The Parties shall allow immediate and unhindered access to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Red Crescent for the purpose of arranging the release of prisoners of war and other persons detained as a result of the war as well as the recovery of the dead and the treatment of the wounded

Page 21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE
8.2.2 Peace Enforcement:
... b. Screening mass killers, perpetrators of crimes against humanity and other war criminals;
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 2, Annex, Preamble, CONSIDERING Article 52 of the UN Charter on regional arrangements for dealing with matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and seucirty as are approparite for regional action;

REAFFIRMING the provisions of Article 3 of the OAU Charter which, inter alia, guarantee all Member States the right to their sovereignty and territorial integrity;

DETERMINED to ensure the respect, by all Parties signatory to this Agreement, for the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977, and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948, as reiterated at the Entebbe Regional Summit of 25 March, 1998:
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: Rights related issues→Citizenship→Citizens, specific rights
Page 2, Annex , Preamble:
RECALLING the Pretoria Summit Communiwue dated 23rd August, 1998 re-affirming that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.

Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT:
...
16. The Parties re-affirm that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.
Democracy: Page 16, Annex A, CHAPTER 5 NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION
5.5 Without prejudice to other points that may be raised by the participants, the Congolese Parties shall agree:-
... (d) the process of free, democratic and transparent elections in the DRC;
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:
Mobility/access: Page 5, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT:
...
6. The cease-fire shall guarantee the free movement of persons and goods throughout the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Page 17, Annex A, Chapter 6 RE -ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION OVER THE TERRITORY OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO:
...
6.2 On the coming into force of the Agreement, there shall be a consultative mechanism among the Congolese Parties which shall make it possible to carry out operations or actions throughout the national territory which are of general interest, more particularly in the fields of public health (e.g. national immunisation campaign), education (e.g. marking of secondary school leavers examinations), migrations, movement of persons and goods.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Page 2, Annex , Preamble:
RECALLING the Pretoria Summit Communique dated 23rd August, 1998 re-affirming that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.

Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:...
Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of groups
Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT:
...
16. The Parties re-affirm that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.

Page 19-21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE
8.2 The mandate of the UN force shall include peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations as outlined below:-

…

f. Provide and maintain humanitarian assistance to and protect displaced persons, refugees and other affected persons;
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 5, ARTICLE II, SECURITY CONCERNS
4. On the coming into force of this Agreement the Parties commit themselves to immediately address the security concerns of the DRC and her neighbouring countries.

Page 6, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT
13. The laying of mines of whatever type shall be prohibited.

Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT
17. The Parties to the Agreement shall take all necessary measures aimed at securing the normalisation of the situation along the international borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo, including the control of illicit trafficking of arms and the infiltration of armed groups.

Page 8, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT
21. The Parties affirm the need to address the security concerns of the DRC and her neighbouring countries.

Page 24, CHAPTER 12, NORMALISATION OF THE SECURITY SITUATION ALONG THE COMMON BORDERS BETWEEN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO AND ITS NEIGHBOURS
12.1 Normalisation of the security situation along the common borders between the Democratic Republic of Congo and its neighbours requires each country:-
a. Not to arm, train, harbour on its territory, or render any form of support to subversive elements or armed opposition movements for the purpose of destabilising the others;
b. To report all strange or hostile movements detected by either country along the common borders;
c. To identify and evaluate border problems and cooperate in defining methods to peacefully solve them;
d. To address the problem of armed groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo in accordance with the terms of the Agreement.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 3, Annex , Preamble
... REITERATING the call made at the Second Victoria Falls Summit held from 7 to 8 September, 1998 as contained in the Joint Communiqué of the Summit, for the immediate cessation of hostilities:

Page 3, Annex , Preamble
... RECALLING the mandate, contained in the Victoria Falls II Joint Communiqué, give to the Minister of Defence and other officials working in close cooperation with OAU and the UN to establish the modalties for effecting an immediate ceasefire and put in place a mechanism for monitoring compliance with the ceasefire provisons:

Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
1. The Parties agree to a ceasefire among all their forces in the DRC.
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
a. the cessation of hostilities between all the belligerent forces in the DRC, as provided for in this Cease-fire Agreement (hereinafter referred to as “the Agreement”);
b. the effective cessation of hostilities, military movements and reinforcements, as well as hostile actions, including hostile propaganda;
c. a cessation of hostilities within 24 hours of the signing of the Cease-fire Agreement;
3. The ceasefire shall entail the cessation of:
a. all air, land, and sea attacks as well as all actions of sabotage:
b. attempts to occupy new ground positions and the movement of military forces and resources from one area to another, without prior agreement between the parties.
c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:
d. supplies of ammunition and weaponry and other war-related stores to the field;
e. any other action that may impede the normal evolution of the cease-fire process.

Page 5, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT
6. The cease-fire shall guarantee the free movement of persons and goods throughout the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Page 12, Annex A, CHAPTER I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES
1.1 The Parties, shall announce a cessation of hostilities, to be effective 24 hours after the signing of the Cease-fire Agreement. The announcement of cessation of hostilities shall be disseminated by the parties through command channels, and it shall concurrently be communicated to the civil population via print and electronic media.

Page 12, Annex A, CHAPTER 2, DISENGAGEMENT
2.1 The disengagement of forces shall mean the immediate breaking of tactical contact between the opposing Military Forces of the Parties to this Agreement at places where they are in direct contact by the effective date and time of the Cease-Fire Agreement.

2.3 Immediate disengagement at the initiative of all military units
shall be limited to the effective range of direct fire weapons.
Further disengagement to pull all weapons out of range, shall
be conducted under the guidance of the Joint Military
Commission/UN/OAU
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

20. In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and upon the conclusion of the national dialogue, there shall be a mechanism for the formation of a national, restructured and integrated army, including the forces of the Congolese Parties who are signatories to this Agreement, on the basis of negotiations between the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the RCD and MLC.

Page 16, Annex A, CHAPTER 5 NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION

5.5 Without prejudice to other points that may be raised by the participants, the Congolese Parties shall agree:-

...

(b) the formation of a new Congolese National army whose soldiers shall originate from the Congolese Armed Forces, the armed forces of the RCD and the armed forces of the MLC;

Page 22, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 10 FORMATION OF A NATIONAL ARMY
10.1 In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and following the inter-Congolese political negotiations, there shall be a mechanism taking into account, among others, the physical check of troops, the precise identification of troops, the
precise identification of all elements with regard to their origin, date of their enlistment, the units to which they
belong, as well as the identification of terrorists and the count of weapons of war distributed in the framework of irregular
("parallel") civil defence groups, for the formation of a national army, restructured and integrated, including the
forces of the Congolese Parties signatories to the Agreement, on the basis of negotiations between the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Congolese Rally for Democracy and the Movement tor the Liberation of the Congo.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 8, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

22. There shall be a mechanism for disarming militias and armed groups, including the genocidal forces. In this context, all Parties commit themselves to the process of locating, identifying, disarming and assembling all members of armed groups in the DRC. Countries of origin of members of the armed groups, commit themselves to taking all the necessary measures to facilitate their repatriation. Such measures may include the granting of amnesty in countries where such a measure has been deemed beneficial. It shall, however, not apply in the case of suspects of the crime of genocide. The Parlies assume full responsibility of ensuring that armed groups operating alongside their troops or on the territory under their control, comply with the processes leading to the dismantling of those groups in particular.

Page 13, Annex A, CHAPTER 2, DISENGAGEMENT

...

2.3 Immediate disengagement at the initiative of all military units shall be limited to the effective range of direct fire weapons.
Further disengagement to pull all weapons out of range, shall be conducted under the guidance of the Joint Military
Commission/UN/OAU

2.4. Wherever disengagement by movement is impossible or impractical, alternative solutions requiring that weapons arc
rendered safe shall be designed by the Joint. Military Commission/UN and OAU.

Page 21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE

8.2.2 Peace Enforcement:

a. Tracking down and disarming Armed Groups;

...

e. Working out such measures (persuasive or coercive) as are appropriate for the attainment of the objectives of
disarming, assembling, repatriation and reintegration into society of members of the Armed Groups.

Page 21-22, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 9 DISARMAMENT OF ARMED GROUPS

9.1 The JMC with the assistance of the UN/OAU shall work out mechanisms for the tracking, disarming, cantoning and documenting of all armed groups in the DRC, including ex-FAR. ADF. LRA, UNRF11, Interahamwe, FÜNA, FDD, WNBF, UNITA and put in place measures for:-

a. handing over to the UN International Tribunal and national courts, mass killers and perpetrators of crimes against humanity; and

b. handling of other war criminals.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 29, ANNEX 'C', Enclosure III

DEFINITIONS

"Armed groups ", means forces other than Government forces, RCD and MIX.", that are not signatories to this agreement. They include ex-FAR, ADF. LRA, UNRF U.NAIAJ Interahamwe militias, FUNÁ, FDD, WNIIF, UN1TA and any other forces.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: Page 6, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

12. The final withdrawal of all foreign forces from the national territory of the DRC shall be carried out in accordance with the Calender in Annex 'B' of this Agreement and a withdrawal schedule to be prepared by the UN, the OAU and the JMC.

Page 14, Annex A, CHAPTER 4, ORDERLY WITHDRAWAL OF ALL FOREIGN FORCES

4.1 The final orderly withdrawal of all foreign forces from the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo shall be in accordance with Annex 'B* of this Agreement.

4.2 The Joint Military Commission/OAU and UN shall draw up a definitive schedule for the orderly withdrawal of all foreign forces from the Democratic Republic of Congo
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: Page 4-5, ARTICLE I, THE CEASE-FIRE
2. The cease-fire shall mean:
... c. all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protection human rights. The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic origin; propaganda, inciting ethnic and tribal hatred; arming civilians; recruitment and use of child soldiers; sexual violence; training and use of terrorists; massacres, downing of civilian aircraft; and bombing the civilian populations:

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper
Page 8, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

22. There shall be a mechanism for disarming militias and armed groups, including the genocidal forces. In this context, all Parties commit themselves to the process of locating, identifying, disarming and assembling all members of armed groups in the DRC. Countries of origin of members of the armed groups, commit themselves to taking all the necessary measures to facilitate their repatriation. Such measures may include the granting of amnesty in countries where such a measure has been deemed beneficial. It shall, however, not apply in the case of suspects of the crime of genocide. The Parties assume full responsibility of ensuring that armed groups operating alongside their troops or on the territory under their control, comply with the processes leading to the dismantling of those groups in particular.

Page 21-22, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 9 DISARMAMENT OF ARMED GROUPS

9.2 The Parties together with the UN and other countries with security concerns, shall create conditions conducive to the
attainment of the objective set out in 9.1 above, which conditions may include the granting of amnesty and
political asylum, except for genocidaires. The Parties shall also encourage inter-community dialogue.
Courts: Transitional justice→Courts→International courts
Page 21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE

8.2.2 Peace Enforcement:

...

c. Handing over "genocidaires" to the International Crimes Tribunal for Rwanda;

Page 21-22, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 9 DISARMAMENT OF ARMED GROUPS

9.1 The JMC with the assistance of the UN/OAU shall work out mechanisms for the tracking, disarming, cantoning and documenting of all armed groups in the DRC, including ex-FAR. ADF. LRA, UNRF11, Interahamwe, FÜNA, FDD, WNBF, UNITA and put in place measures for:-

a. handing over to the UN International Tribunal and national courts, mass killers and perpetrators of crimes against humanity; and

b. handling of other war criminals.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 5, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

7. On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Parties shall release persons detained or taken hostage and shall give them the latitude to relocate to any provinces within the DRC or country where their security will be guaranteed.

8. The Parties to the Agreement commit themselves to exchange prisoners of war and release any other persons detained as a result of the war.

Page 6, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

...

9. The Parties shall allow immediate and unhindered access to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Red Crescent for the purpose of arranging the release of prisoners of war and other
persons detained as a result of the war as well as the recovery of the dead and the treatment of the wounded.

Page 13, Annex A, CHAPTER 3, RELEASE OF HOSTAGES AND EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS OF WAR

3.1 Upon the cease-fire taking effect, all Parties shall provide ICRC/Red Crescent with relevant information concerning their prisoners of war or persons detained because of the war. They shall subsequently accord every assistance to the ICRC/Red Crescent representatives to enable them to visit the prisoners and detainees and verify any details and ascertain their condition and status.

3.2 On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Parties shall release persons detained because of the war or taken hostage,
within three days of the signing of the Cease-fire Agreement and the ICRC/Red Crescent shall give them all the necessary
assistance including relocation to any provinces within the DRC or any other country where their security will be guaranteed.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 7, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

19. On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Government of the DRC, the armed opposition, namely, the RCD and Ml.C as well as the unarmed opposition shall enter into an open national dialogue. These inter-Congolese political negotiations involving 'les forces vives' shall lead to a new political dispensation and national reconciliation in the DRC. The inter-Congolese political negotiations shall be under the aegis of a neutral facilitator to be agreed upon by the Congolese parties. All the Parties commit themselves to supporting this dialogue and shall ensure that the inter-Congolese political negotiations are conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 5 of Annex 'A'.

Page 14-16, Annex A, CHAPTER 5 NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION

5.1 On the coming into force of the Cease-fire Agreement in the DRC, the Parties agree to do their utmost to facilitate the
inter-Congolese political negotiations which should lead to a new political dispensation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

5.2 In order to arrive at a new political dispensation and national reconciliation arising from the inter-Congolese political negotiations, the Parties agree upon the implementation of the following principles:

(a) the inter-Congolese political negotiations process shall include beside the Congolese parties, namely the
Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Congolese Rally for Democracy and the Movement for the Liberation of Congo, the political opposition as well as representatives of the forces vives;

(b) all the participants in the inter-Congolese political negotiations shall enjoy equal status;

(c) all the resolutions adopted by the inter-Congolese political negotiations shall be binding on all the
participants;

5.3 The Parties agree that the Organisation of African Unity shall assist the Democratic Republic of Congo in organising the inter-Congolese political negotiations under the aegis of a neutral facilitator chosen by the Parties by virtue of his/her moral authority, his/her international credibility and his/her experience.

5.4 For the success of the all inclusive inter-Congolese political negotiations leading to national reconciliation, the facilitator
shall be responsible for:
(a) making the necessary contacts pertaining to the organisation of the inter-Congolese political negotiations within an environment which will cater for the security of all participants;
(b) organising, in conjunction with the Congolese Parties, consultations with a view to inviting all the major
organisations and groups of the recognised representative political opposition as well as the main representatives of the forces vives;
(c) conducting, in accordance with the timetable, the discussions leading to the establishment of a new political dispensation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Page 29, ANNEX 'C', Enclosure III

DEFINITIONS

"National Dialogue ", means I he process involving all stakeholders in the inter-Congolese political negotiations with a view to installing a new political dispensation which will bring about national reconciliation and the early holding of free and fair democratic elections.

Implementation

UN signatory: AS WITNESSES:

(Signed )the United Nations
Other international signatory: Parties
Signed for:

The Republic of Angola, The Republic of Namibia, The Republic of Rwanda, The Republic of Uganda, The Republic of Zimbabwe. Movement for the Liberation of the Congo

AS WITNESSES:

(Signed)
The Republic of Zambia, the Organization for African Unity (OAU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 6, ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

...

11. a. The United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and in collaboration with the
OAU, shall be requested to constitute, facilitate and deploy an appropriate peacekeeping force in the DRC to ensure
implementation of this Agreement; and taking into account the peculiar .situation of the DRC, mandate (he peacekeeping force
to track down all armed groups in the DRC. In this respect, the UN Security Council shall provide the requisite mandate for the
peace-keeping force.

b. The Parties shall constitute a Joint Military Commission (JMC) which shall, together with the UN/OAU Observer group be
responsible for executing, immediately after the coming into force of this Agreement, peace-keeping operations until the
deployment of the UN peace-keeping force. Us composition and mandate shall be as stipulated in Chapter 7 of Annex 'A' of
this Agreement.

Page 12, Annex A, CHAPTER I, CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES

1.2 Until the deployment of United Rations/Organisation of African Unity (UN/OAU) observers, the cessation of
hostilities shall be regulated and monitored by the Parties through the Joint Military Commission. With the
deployment of UN/OAU observers, the responsibility of verification, control and monitoring of the cessation of
hostilities and subsequent disengagement shall be reported through UN/OAU.

1.3 Any violation of the cessation of hostilities and subsequent events shall be reported to the Joint Military Commission and
to the UN/OAU mechanisms through the agreed chain of command tor investigation and action as necessary.

Page 19-21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE

8.1 The UN in collaboration with the OAU shall constitute, facilitate and deploy an appropriate force in the DRC to ensure implementation of this Agreement.

8.2 The mandate of the UN force shall include peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations as outlined below:-

8.2.1 Peacekeeping:

a. Work with the JMC/OAU in the implementation of this Agreement;

b. Observe and monitor the cessation of hostilities;

c. investigate violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and take necessary measures to ensure compliance;

d. Supervise disengagement of forces of the Parties as stipulated in chapter 2 of this Annex;

e. Supervise the re-deployment of forces of the Parties to Defensive Positions in conflict zones in accordance with Chapter 1 I of this Agreement;

f. Provide and maintain humanitarian assistance to and protect displaced persons, refugees and other affected persons;

g. Keep the Parties to the Cease-fire Agreement informed of its peace-keeping operations;

h. Collect weapons from civilians and ensure that the weapons so collected are properly accounted for and adequately secured;

i. In collaboration with JMC/OAU, schedule and supervise the withdrawal of all foreign forces;

j . Verify all information, data and activities relating to military forces of the Parties.

Page 21, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE

8.2.2 Peace Enforcement:

...

8.3 Composition of the UN Peace-keeping forces shall be selected from countries acceptable to all the Parlies.

8.4 The Joint Military Commission shall, immediately upon the coming into force of the Agreemenl, be responsible for executing peace-keeping operations until the deployment of the UN Peace-keeping force.

Page 23, CHAPTER 11 RE-DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES OF THE PARTIES. TO DEFENSIVE POSITIONS IN CONFLICT ZONES

11.1 Following disengagement, all forces shall re-deploy to defensive positions.

11.2 The positions where units are Iocaled shall be identified and recorded by the JMC/OAU and UN.

11.3 Upon re-deployment to defensive positions, all forces shall provide relevant information on troop strength, armaments and weapons they hold in each location, to the JMC, O AU and UN mechanisms.

11.4 The JMC shall verify the reported data and information. All forces shall be restricted to the declared and recorded locations and all movements shall be authorised by the JMC, OAU and UN mechanisms. All forces shall remain in the declared and recorded locations until:

a. in the case of foreign forces, withdrawal has started in accordance with JMC/OAU, UN withdrawal schedule;
and

b. in the case of FAC and RCD/MLC forces, in accordance with their negotiated agreement.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 18-19, ANNEX 'A', CHAPTER 7 THE JOINT MILITARY COMMISSION

7.1. The Joint Military Commission shall be answerable to a Political Committee composed of the Ministers of Foreign
Affairs and Defence or any other representative duly appointed by each Party.

7.2 The Joint Military Commission shall be a decision making body composed of two representatives from each Party under
a neutral Chairman appointed by the OAIJ in consultation with the Parties.

7.4 The mandate of the Joint Military Commission shall
be to;

a. establish the location of Units at the time of the Cease-fire;

b. facilitate liaison between the Parties for the purpose of the Cease-fire;

c. assist in the disengagement of forces and the investigation of any cease-fire violations;

d. verify all information, data and activities relating to military forces of the Parties;

e. verify the disengagement of the military forces of the Parties where they are in direct contact;

f. work out mechanisms for disarming armed groups;

g. verify the disarmament and quartering of all armed groups;

h. and verify the disarmament of all Congolese civilians who are illegally armed; and

i. monitor and verify orderly withdrawal of all foreign Forces.

7.5 The Parties commit themselves to providing the JMC with any relevant information on the organisation, equipment and locations of their forces, on the understanding that such information will be kept confidential.

Page 26-27, Annex 'B' CHAPTER 13 CALENDAR FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT

Enclosure II, provides detalied calander for the implementation of the cease-fire agreement.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://peacemaker.un.org

CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT

We the Parties lo this Agreement;

CONSIDERING Article 52 of the UN Charter on regional arrangements for dealing with matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action;

REAFFIRMING the provisions of Article 3 of the OAU Charter which, inter alia, guarantee all Member States the right to their sovereignty and territorial integrity;

REAFFIRMING further Resolution AIIG710/1 adopted by the OAU Assembly of Heads of State and Government in 1964 in Cairo, Egypt, on territorial integrity and the inviolability of national boundaries as inherited at independence.

RECALLING the Pretoria Summit Communique dated 23"' August, 1998 re-affirming (hat all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and territory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.

DETERMINED to ensure the respect, by all Parties signatory to (his Agreement, for the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977, and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948, as reiterated at the Entebbe Regional Summit of 25 March, 1998;

DETERMINED further to put to an immediate halt to any assistance, collaboration or giving of sanctuary to negative forces bent on destabilising neighbouring countries;

EMPHASISING the need lo ensure that the principles of good neighbourliness and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries are respected;

CONCERNED about the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and its negative impact on the country and other countries in the Great Lakes Region;

REITERATING the call made at the Second Victoria Falls Summit held from 7 to 8 September, 1998, as contained in the Joint Communiqué of the Summit, for the immediate cessation of hostilities;

COGNISANT of the fact that addressing the security concerns of the DRC and neighbouring countries is central and would contribute to the peace process;

RECALLING the mandate, contained in the Victoria Falls II Joint Communiqué, given to the Ministers of Defence and other officials working in close cooperation wi(h the OAU and the UN to establish the modalities for effecting an immediate ceasefire and put in place a mechanism for monitoring compliance with the ceasefire provisions;

RECALLING the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1234 of 9 April, 1999 and all oilier Resolutions and Decisions on the DRC since 2 August, 1998.

RECALLING further the Summit meetings of Victoria Falls I and II, Pretoria, Durban, Port Louis, Nairobi, Windhoek, Dodoma and the Lusaka and Gaborone Ministerial peace efforts on the DRC conflict;

RECALLING further the Peace Agreement signed on 18 April, 1999 at Sirte (Libya);

RECOGNISING that the conflict in the DRC has both internal and external dimensions that require intra-Cougolese political negotiations and commitment of the Parties to the implementation of'this Agreement to resolve;

TAKING note of the commitment of the Congolese Government, the RCD, the MLC and all other Congolese political and civil organisations to hold an all inclusive National Dialogue aimed at realising national reconciliation and a new political dispensation in the DRC;

HEREBY AGREE AS FOLLOWS:-

1. 2.

ARTICLE I THE CEASE-FIRE

The Parties agree to a cease-fire among all their forces in the DRC.

The cease-(Ire shall mean:

the cessation of hostilities between all the belligerent forces in the DRC, as provided for in (his Cease-fire Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "the Agreement");

the effective cessation of hostilities, military movements and reinforcements, as well as hostile actions, including hostile propaganda;

a cessation of hostilities within 24 hours of the signing of (he Cease-fire Agreement;

The Ceasefire shall entail the cessation ofr-

all air, land, and sea attacks as well as all actions of sabotage;

attempts to occupy new ground positions and the movement of military forces and resources from one area to another, without prior agreement between the parties;

all acts of violence against the civilian population by respecting and protecting human rights.

The acts of violence include summary executions, torture, harassment, detention and execution of civilians based on their ethnic oiigin;

propaganda inciting ethnic and tribal hatred;

arming civilians;

recruitment and use of child soldiers;

sexual violence;

training and use of terrorists;

massacres, downing of civilian aircraft;

and bombing the civilian population;

supplies of ammunition and weaponry and other war-related stores to the field;

any other actions that may impede the normal evolution of the cease-fire process.

ARTICLE II SECURITY CONCERNS

4. On the coming into force of this Agreement the Parlies commit themselves to immediately address the security concerns of the DRC and her neighbouring countries.

ARTICLE III PRINCIPLES OF THE AGREEMENT

The provisions of paragraph 3 (e) do not preclude the supply of food, clothing and medical support for the military forces in the field.

The cease-fire shall guarantee the free movement of persons and goods throughout the national territory of the Democratic Republic of

Congo.

On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Parties shall release persons detained or taken hostage and shall give them the latitude to relocate to any provinces within the DRC or country where their security will be guaranteed.

The Parties to the Agreement commit themselves to exchange prisoners of war and release any other persons detained as a result of the war.

9. The Parties shall allow immediate and unhindered access to the Iiiteimational Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Red Crescent for the purpose of arranging the release of prisoners of war and other

persons detained as a result of the war as well as the recovery of the dead and the treatment of the wounded.

10. The Parties shall facilitate humanitarian assistance through the opening up of humanitarian corridors and creation of conditions conducive to the provision of urgent humanitarian assistance to displaced persons, refugees and other affected persons.

11. a. The United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VU of the UN Charter and in collaboration with the OAU, shall be requested to constitute, facilitate and deploy an appropriate peacekeeping force in the DRC to ensure implementation of this Agreement;

and taking into account the peculiar .situation of the DRC, mandate (he peacekeeping force to track down all armed groups in Ihc DRC.

In this respect, the UN Security Council shall provide the requisite mandate for the peace-keeping force.

b. The Parties shall constitute ;

i Joint Military Commission (JMC) which shall, together with the UN/OAU Observer group be responsible for executing, immediately after the coming into force of this Agreement, peace-keeping operations until the deployment of the UN peace-keeping force.

Us composition and mandate shall be as stipulated in Chapter 7 of Annex 'A' of this Agreement.

The final withdrawal of all foreign forces from the national territory of the DRC shall be carried out in accordance with the Calender in Annex ' B ' of this Agreement and a withdrawal schedule to be prepared by the UN, the OAU and the JMC.

The laying of mines of whatever type shall be prohibited.

Tliere shall be immediate disengagement of forces in the areas where they are in direct contact.

Nothing in the Agreement shall in any way undermine the sovereignly and territorial integrity of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The Parties re-afflrm that all ethnic groups and nationalities whose people and Icrrilory constituted what became Congo (now DRC) at independence must enjoy equal rights and protection under the law as citizens.

The Parties to the Agreement shall take all necessary measures aimed at securing the normalisation of the situation along the international borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo, including the control of illicit trafficking ofarms and the infiltration of armed groups.

In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and upon conclusion of the Inter-Congolese political negotiations, state administration shall be re-established throughout the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Government of the DRC, the armed opposition, namely, the RCD and Ml.

C as well as the unarmed opposition shall enter into an open national dialogue.

These inter-Congolese political negotiations involving lesforces vives shall lead to a new political dispensation and national reconciliation in the DRC.

The intcr-Congolcsc political negotiations shall be under the aegis of a neutral facilitator to be agreed upon by the Congolese .parties.

All the Parlies commit themselves to supporting this dialogue and shall ensure that the inter-Congolese political negotiations are conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 5 of Annex * A*.

In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and upon the conclusion of the national dialogue, there shall be a mechanism for the formation of a national, restructured and integrated army, including the forces of the Congolese Parties who are signatories to this Agreement, on the basis of negotiations between the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the RCD and MLC.

The Parties affirm the need to address the security concerns of the DRC and her neighbouring countries.

There shall be a mechanism for disarming militias and armed groups, including the genocidal forces.

In this context, all Parties commit themselves to the process of locating, identifying, disarming and assembling all members of armed groups in the DRC.

Countries of origin of members of the armed groups, commit themselves to taking all the necessary measures to facilitate their repatriation.

Such measures may include the granting of amnesty in countries where such a measure has been deemed beneficial.

It shall, however, not apply in the case of suspects of the crime of genocide.

The Parlies assume full responsibility of ensuring that armed groups operating alongside their troops or on the territory under their control, comply with the processes leading to the dismantling of those groups in particular.

The Parlies shall ensure the implementation of the terms of the Agreement and its Annexes ' A ' and 'IT which form an integral part of the Agreement.

The definitions of common terms used are at Annex ' C .

The Agreement shall take effect 24 hours after signature.

The Agreement may be amended by agreement of the Parties and any such amendment shall be in writing and shall be signed by them in the same way as the Agreement.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF theduly authorised representatives ofthe Parties have signed the Agreement inthe English, French and Portuguese languages, all texts being equally authentic.

DONE AT LUSAKA (ZAMBIA) ON THIS DAY OF

[Signature]

FOR THE REPUBLIC OF ANGOLA rsiqnature]

FOR THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

[Signature]

FOR THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA

[Signature!

FOR THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

[Signature]

FOR THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

[Signature]

FOR THE REPUBLIC OF ZIMBABWE

AS WITNESSES:-

[Signature]

FOR THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA

[Signature]

FOR THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY

[Signature]

FOR THE UNITED NATIONS

[Signature]

FOR THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY

------

ANNEX 'A' TO THE CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT

MODALITIES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

CHAPTER I CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES

1.1 The Parties, shall announce a cessation of hostilities, to be effective 24 hours after the signing of the Cease-fire Agreement.

The announcement of cessation of hostilities shal| be disseminated by the parties through command channels, and it shall concurrently be communicated to the civil population via print and electronic media.

1.2. Until the deployment of United Rations/Organisation of African Unity (UN/OAU) observers, the cessation of hostilities shall be regulated and monitored by the Parties through the Joint Military Commission.

With the deployment of UN/OAU observers, the responsibility of verification, control and monitoring of the cessation of hostilities and subsequent disengagement shall be reported through UN/OAU.

1.3. Any violation of the cessation of hostilities and subsequent events shall be reported to the Joint Military Commission and to the UN/OAU mechanisms through the agreed chain of command tor investigation and action as necessary.

CHAPTER 2 DISENGAGEMENT

2.1. The disengagement of forces shall mean the immediate breaking of tactical contact between the opposing Military Forces of the Parties to this Agreement at places where they are in direct contact by the effective date and time of the Cease-Fire Agreement.

2.2 Where immediate disengagement is not possible, a framework and sequence of disengagement is to be agreed by all Parties through the Joint Military Commission/UN and OAU.

2.3 Immediate disengagement at the initiative of all military units shall be limited to the effective range of direct fire weapons.

Further disengagement to pull all weapons out of range, shall be conducted under the guidance of the Joint Military Commission/UN/OAU .

2.4. Wherever disengagement by movement is impossible or impractical, alternative solutions requiring that weapons arc rendered safe shall be designed by the Joint.

Military Commission/UN and OAU.

CHAPTER 3

RELEASE OF HOSTAGES AND EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS OF WAR

3.1 Upon the ccasc-firc taking effect, all Parties shall provide ICRC/Red Crescent with relevant information concerning their prisoners of war or persons detained because of the war.

They shall subsequently accord every assistance to the ICRC/Red Crescent representatives to enable them to visit the prisoners and detainees and verify any details and ascertain their condition and status.

3.2 On the coming into force of the Agreement, the Parties shall release persons detained because of the waror taken hostage, within three days of the signing of the Cease-fire Agreement and the ICRC/Red Crescent shall give them all the necessary assistance including relocation to any provinces within the DRC or any other country where their security will be guaranteed.

CHAPTER 4

ORDERLY WITHDRAWAL OF ALL FOREIGN FORCES

4.1 The final orderly withdrawal of all foreign forces from the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo shall be in accordance with Annex 'B' of this Agreement.

4.2 The Joint Military Commission/OAU and UN shall draw upa definitive schedule for the orderly withdrawal of all foreign forces from the Democratic Republic of Congo.

CHAPTER 5

NATIONAL DIALOGUE AND RECONCI LI ATION

5.1 On the coming into force of the Cease-fire Agreement in the DRC, the Parties agree to do their utmost to facilitate the inter-Congolese political negotiations which should lead to a new political dispensation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

5.2. In order to arrive at a new political dispensation and national reconciliation arising from the inter-Congolese political negotiations, the Parties agree upon the implementation of the following principles:

(a) the inter-Congolese political negotiations process shall include beside the Congolese parties, namely the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Congolese Rally for Democracy and the Movement for the Liberation of Congo, the political opposition as well as representatives of theforces vives;

(b) all the participants in the inter-Congolese political

5.3 The Parties agree that the Organisation of African Unity shall assist the Democratic Republic of Congo in organising the inter-Congolcsc political negotiations under the aegis of a neutral facilitator chosen by the Parties by virtue of his/her moral authority, his/her international credibility and his/her experience.

5.4. For the success of the all inclusive inter-Congolese political negotiations leading to national reconciliation, the facilitator shall be responsible for:

(a) making the necessary contacts pertaining to the organisation of the inter-Congolese political negotiations within an environment which will cater for the security of all participants;

(b) organising, in conjunction with the Congolese Parties, consultations with a view to inviting all the major organisations and groups of the recognised representative political opposition as well as the main representatives of theforces vives;

(c) conducting, in accordance with the timetable, the discussions leading to the establishment of a new political dispensation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

5.5 Without prejudice to other points that may be raised by the participants, the Congolese Parties shall agree:

(a) the timetable and the rules of procedure of the inter- Congolese political negotiations;

(b) the formation of a new Congolese National army whose soldiers shall originate from the Congolese Armed Forces, the armed forces of the RCD and the armed forces of the MLC;

(c) the new political dispensation in the DRC, in particular the institutions to be established for good governance purposes in the DRC;

(d) the process of free, democratic and transparent elections in the DRC;

(e) the draft of the Constitution which shall govern the DRC after the holding of the elections;

5.6 The calendar of the inter-Congolese political negotiations shall be as follows:

i. Selection of a facilitator D-Day +15 days

ii. Beginning of national dialogue D-Day+45 days

iii. Deadline for the close of national dialogue D-Day +90 days

iv. Establishment of new institutions D-Day+91 days

CHAPTER 6

RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION OVER THE TERRITORY OF THE DEMOCRA TIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

6.1 In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and upon conclusion of the Inter-Congolese political negotiations, state administration shall be re-established tliroughout the national territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

6.2 On the coming into force of the Agreement, there shall be a consultative mechanism among the Congolese Parties which shall make it possible to carry out operations or actions throughout the national territory which are of general interest, more particularly in the fields of public health (e.g. national immunisation campaign), education (e.g. marking of secondary school leavers examinations), migrations, movement of persons and goods.

CHAPTER 7

THE JOINT MILITARY COMMISSION

7.1. The Joint Military Commission shall be answerable to a Political Committee composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defence or any other representative duly appointed by each Party.

7.2 The Joint Military Commission shall be a decision making body composed of two representatives from each Party under a neutral Chairman appointed by the OAIJ in consultation with the Parties.

7.3 The Joint Military Commision shall reach its decisions by consensus.

7.4 The mandate of the Joint Military Commission shall be to :

a. establish the location of Units at the time of the Cease-fire;

b. facilitate liaison between the Parties for the purpose of the Cease-fire;

c. assist in the disengagement of forces and the investigation of any cease-fire violations;

d. verify all information, data and activities relating to military forces of the Parties;

e. verify the disengagement of the military forces of the Parties where they are in direct contact;

f. work out mechanisms for disarming armed groups;

g. verify the disarmament and quartering of all armed groups;

h. and verify the disarmament of all Congolese civilians who are illegally armed;

and

i. monitor and verify orderly withdrawal of all foreign Forces.

7.5 The Parties commit themselves to providing the JMC with any relevant information on the organisation, equipment and locations of their forces, on the understanding that such information will be kept confidential.

CHAPTER 8

UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE

8.1 The UN in collaboration with the OAU shall constitute, facilitate and deploy an appropriate force in the DRC to

ensure implementation ofthis Agreement.

8.2 The mandate of the UN force shall include peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations as outlined below:-

8.2.1 Peacekeeping:

a. Work with the JMC/OAU in the implementation of this Agreement;

b. Observe and monitor the cessation of hostilities;

c. investigate violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and take necessary measures to ensure compliance;

d. Supervise disengagement of forces of the Parties as stipulated in chapter 2 of this Annex;

e. Supervise the re-deployment of forces of the Parties to Defensive Positions in conflict zones in accordance with Chapter 1 I of this Agreement;

f. Provide and maintain humanitarian assistance to and protect displaced persons, refugees and other affected persons;

g. Keep the Parties to the Cease-fire Agreement informed of its peace-keeping operations;

h. Collect weapons from civilians and ensure that the weapons so collected are properly accounted for and adequately secured;

i. In collaboration with JMC/OAU, schedule and supervise the withdrawal of all foreign forces;

j. Verify all information, data and activities relating to military forces of the Parties.

8.2.2 Peace Enforcement:

a. Tracking down and disarming Anned Groups;

b. Screening mass killers, perpetrators of crimes against humanity and other war criminals;

c. Handing over "genocidaires" to the International Crimes Tribunal for Rwanda;

d. Repatriation;

e. Working out such measures (persuasive or coercive) as are appropriate for the attainment of the objectives of disarming, assembling, repatriation and reintegration into society of members of the Armed Groups.

8.3. Composition of the UN Peace-keeping forces shall be selected from countries acceptable to all the Parlies.

8.4. The Joint Military Commission shall, immediately upon the coming into force of the Agreemenl, be responsible for executing peace-keeping operations until the deployment of the UN Peace-keeping force.

CHAPTER 9

DISARMAMENT OF ARMED GROUPS

9.1 The JMC with the assistance of the UN/OAU shall work out mechanisms for the tracking, disarming, cantoning and documenting of all armed groups in the DRC, including ex-FAR.

ADF.

LRA, UNRF11, Interahamwe, FÜNA, FDD, WNBF, UNITA and put in place measures fon-

handing over to the UN International Tribunal and national courts, mass killers and perpetrators of crimes against humanity;

and

handling of other war criminals.

9.2 The Parties together with the UN and other countries with security concerns, shall create conditions conducive to the attainment of the objective set out in 9.1 above, which conditions may include the granting of amnesty and political asylum, except for genocidaircs.

The Parties shall also encourage inter-community dialogue.

CHAPTER 10

FORMA TION OF A NA TIONAL ARMY

10.1 In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and following .

the inter-Congolese political negotiations, there shall be a mechanism taking into account, among others, the physical

check of troops, the precise identification of troops, the precise identification of all elements with regard to their origin, date of their enlistment, the units to which they belong, as well as the identification of terrorists and the count of weapons of war distributed in the framework of irregular ("parallel") civil defence groups, for the formation of a national army, restructured and integrated, including the forces of the Congolese Parties signatories to the Agreement, on the basis of negotiations between the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Congolese Rally for Democracy and the Movement tor the Liberation of the Congo.

CHAPTER 11

RE-DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES OF THE PARTIES.

TO DEFENSIVE POSITIONS IN CONFLICT ZONES

11.1 Following disengagement, all forces shall re-deploy to defensive positions.

11.2 The positions where units are Iocaled shall be identified and recorded by the JMC/OAU and UN.

11.3 Upon re-deployment to defensive positions, all forces shall provide relevant information on troop strength, armaments and weapons they hold in each location, to the JMC, OAU and UN mechanisms.

11.4 The JMC shall verify the reported data and information.

All forces shall be restricted to the declared and recorded locations and all movements shall be authorised by the JMC, OAU and UN mechanisms.

All forces shall remain in the declared and recorded locations until:

in the case of foreign forces, withdrawal has started in accordance with JMC/OAU, UN withdrawal schedule;

and

in the case of FAC and RCD/MLC forces, in accordance with their negotiated agreement.

CHAPTER 12

NORMALISATION OF THE SECURITY SITUATION ALONG THE COMMON BORDERS BETWEEN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO AND ITS

NEIGHBOURS

12.1 Normalisation of the security situation along the common borders between the Democratic Republic of Congo and its neighbours requires each country:-

a. Not to arm, train, harbour on its territory, or render any form of support to subversive elements or armed opposition movements for the purpose of destabilising the others;

b. To report all strange or hostile movements detected by cither country along the common borders;

c. To identify and evaluate border problems and cooperate in defining methods to peacefully solve them;

d. To address the problem of armed groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo in accordance with the terms of the Agreement.

CHAPTER 13

CALENDAR FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT

The Calendar for the implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement is contained in annex B.

Enclosure II

Annex B to the Ceasefire Agreement

CALENDAR FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT

Major Cease-fire Events

Formal signing of the Cease-fire.

Announcement of and dissemination of information on cease-fire by all Parties.

Cessation of I loslilities, including cessation of Hostile Propaganda.

Release of hostages

Establishment of Joint Military Commission and Observer Groups.

Enclosure III

ANNEX *C*TO THE CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT

"Armed groups ", means forces other than Government forces, RCD and MIX.",

that are not signatories to this agreement.

They include ex-FAR, ADF.

LRA, UNRF U.NAIAJ Interahamwe militias, FUNÁ, FDD, WNIIF, UN1TA and any other forces.

"Forces of the Parties", means the forces of the signatories to the Agreement.

"Parties".means signatories tothe Agreement.

"Great Lakes region ", means the group of suites within or bordering the

(treat Rift Valley system of Hast and C 'entrai Africa.

"National Dialogue ", means Ihe process involving all stakeholders in the inter-C Congolese political negotiations with a view to installing a new

political dispensation which will bring about national reconciliation and the early holding offree andfair democratic elections.

"Forces Vives" means all the stakeholders representatives of the civil society-such as the churches, Trade Unions etc.

"Cease-fire Agreement ", means this document and its Annexes.

"Interahamwe " means armed militias who carried out genocide in Rwanda in 1994.

ABBREVIA TIONS

Allied Democratic Forces

Former Rwandese Armed Forces

Forces for theDefence of Democracy of Burundi

Former Uganda National Army

Lord's Resistance Army

Uganda National Rescue Front11

United Nations Organisation Organisation ofAfrican Unity

Congolese Rallyfor Democracy Movement for the Liberation of Congo Southern Africa Development community Democratic Republic of Congo

Joint Military Commission

International Committee ofthe Red Cross/ Red Crescent

Congolese Armed.

Forces

West Nile Bank Front

National Unionfor the Total Independence of Angola

National Army for the Liberation of Uganda

Ceasefire Agreement (Lusaka Agreement)

Groups

Gender

State definition

Governance

Power sharing

Human rights and equality

Rights related issues

Rights institutions

Justice sector reform

Socio-economic reconstruction

Land, property and environment

Security sector

Transitional justice

Implementation

Source agreement