Declaracion de Montevideo

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Country/entity: Ecuador
Peru
Region: Americas
Agreement name: Declaracion de Montevideo
Date: 28 Feb 1995
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Interstate/interstate conflict
Cenepa War (1995)
This brief conflict was fought between Peru and Ecuador in 1995, over the control of the Canepa valley on Peruvian territory. There had been earlier military confrontations over this area between the two nations, one in 1941 (the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War), resulting in a border treaty later disagreed with by Ecuador, and another brief confrontation in 1981. The war was initiated by Ecuadorian outposts at the Cenepa River that were discovered by a Peruvian patrol. Peru claimed that the existence of these outposts constituted a violation of Peruvian territory and gave Ecuador an ultimatum to withdraw its patrols or they would be dislodged by force. The deadline passed and Peruvian troops were deployed to the area to remove the Ecuadorian posts, followed by a general mobilization by both sides. Heavy air and ground attack were carried out from the end of January until 28 February when a bilateral ceasefire agreement was signed.
In March 1995, the Military Observer Mission to Ecuador and Peru came to Canepa, which was later turned into a demilitarized zone, to supervise the separation of forces. Furthermore, both governments negotiated the final demarcation of the border, resulting in the Rio Protocol, signed 26 October 1998.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Territory
Peace process: Ecuador-Peru border dispute peace process
Parties: Ecuador, Peru
Third parties: Signatories/witnesses: US, Chile, Argentina, Brazil
Description: This is a Declaration that agrees to the implementation of the Itamaraty Agreement from 17 February 1995, which called for a separation of the military forces of Ecuador and Peru.In the present declaration the guarantor countries agree to ensure the immediate presence of their observers in the area in order to monitor the cease-fire. Moreover, the guarantor countries reiterate their commitment to continue to fulfill their obligations under the Rio de Janeiro Protocol.

Agreement document: EC_PE_950228_Montevideo_Declaration_tr.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, Art. 1:
The Parties thank the Guarantor Countries for their initiative to hold this meeting in Montevideo, which demonstrates their readiness to engage in a constructive dialogue with a view to consolidating peace through the full implementation of the Itamaraty Peace Declaration of 17 February 1995 in a spirit of goodwill and confidence-building.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, Art. 2:
The Parties reiterate their commitment to the immediate and effective cease-fire established in the Declaration.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: Page 1, Art.3:
The Parties express their thanks for the initiative of the Guarantor Countries to arrange for the immediate dispatch of their observers or representatives to the area, which will permit the supervision of the cease-fire and the concentration of forces in the previously agreed points (Coangos and PV1).
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 1, Point 1:
The Parties thank the Guarantor Countries for their initiative to hold this meeting in Montevideo, which demonstrates their readiness to engage in a constructive dialogue with a view to consolidating peace through the full implementation of the Itamaraty Peace Declaration of 17 February 1995 in a spirit of goodwill and confidence-building.

Page 1, Point 4:
The Guarantor Countries reiterate their commitment to continue to carry out their obligations under the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which will help bring the Parties together and contribute to the full consolidation of peace between Ecuador and Peru.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: Argentina: Guido di Tella
Brazil: Luis Felipe Lampreira
Chile: José Miguel Insulza
United States of America: Alexander Watson
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, Art. 3:
The Parties express their thanks for the initiative of the Guarantor Countries to arrange for the immediate dispatch of their observers or representatives to the area, which will permit the supervision of the cease-fire and the concentration of forces in the previously agreed points (Coangos and PV1).
Enforcement mechanism: the guarantor countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and the United States) agree to ensure the immediate presence of their observers in the area in order to monitor the cease-fire. Moreover, the guarantor countries reiterate their commitment to continue to fulfill their obligations under the Rio de Janeiro Protocol.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://www4.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/1999/exteriores/libro1/2avolum/indins.htm

Montevideo Declaration

"The Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Guarantor Countries of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, meeting in Montevideo on 28 February 1995, held talks with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Ecuador and Peru, as a result of which:

"1. The Parties thank the Guarantor Countries for their initiative to hold this meeting in Montevideo, which demonstrates their readiness to engage in a constructive dialogue with a view to consolidating peace through the full implementation of the Itamaraty Peace Declaration of

17 February 1995 in a spirit of goodwill and confidence-building.

"2. The Parties reiterate their commitment to the immediate and effective cease-fire established in the Declaration.

"3. The Parties express their thanks for the initiative of the Guarantor Countries to arrange for the immediate dispatch of their observers or representatives to the area, which will permit the supervision of the cease-fire and the concentration of forces in the previously agreed points (Coangos and PV1).

"4. The Guarantor Countries reiterate their commitment to continue to carry out their obligations under the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which will help bring the Parties together and contribute to the full consolidation of peace between Ecuador and Peru.

"Montevideo, 28 February 1995.

"(Signed) Galo LEORO F. (Signed) Efraín GOLDEMBERG Ecuador Peru

"(Signed) Guido DI TELLA (Signed) Luis Felipe LAMPREIRA Argentina Brazil

"(Signed) José Miguel INSULZA (Signed) Alexander WATSON

Chile United States of America"