Definitive Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua and the YATAMA Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance under the Auspices of his Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo
Export agreement coding (PDF)- Country/entityNicaragua
- RegionAmericas
- Agreement nameDefinitive Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua and the YATAMA Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance under the Auspices of his Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo
- Date18 Apr 1990
- Agreement statusMultiparty signed/agreed
- Interim arrangementYes
- Agreement/conflict levelIntrastate/intrastate conflict ( )
- StageCeasefire/related
- Conflict natureGovernment
- Peace processNicaragua contra process
- Parties'YATAMA' Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance; Nicaraguan Govt General, Rep of the Elected Govt of Nicaragua
- Third partiesMiguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo
- DescriptionParties agree definitive ceasefire, UNOCA and Cardinal Obanda y Bravo, to observe ceasefire and 'security zones'; CIAV to deliver humanitarian assistance; Nicaraguan govt to demine areas mined by the Sandinistas; Annexes setting out security zones, and timetable for implementation. Page 2, Article 4, Both the United Nations Observer Group in Central America and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall make the necessary arrangements for verification of the cease-fire.
- Agreement document
Groups
- Children/youth
No specific mention.
- Disabled persons
No specific mention.
- Elderly/age
No specific mention.
- Migrant workers
No specific mention.
- Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
- Religious groups
No specific mention.
- Indigenous people
No specific mention.
- Other groups
No specific mention.
- Refugees/displaced persons
No specific mention.
- Social class
No specific mention.
Gender
- Women, girls and gender
No specific mention.
- Men and boys
No specific mention.
- LGBTI
No specific mention.
- FamilyPage 2, Article 9,
The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to respect the liberty, security and physical and moral integrity of the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance and of their family members.
Page 2, Article 10,
CIAV shall transport and deliver humanitarian assistance to the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance ant! their family members in the "security zones".
Page 2, Article 13,
The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to clear the mines from the frontier areas or Rio Coco and Bismona mined by the Sandinist People's Army. The "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance undertakes to provide all information in its possession regarding zones which it knows to be mined. The military authorities shall indicate the routes from which mines have been cleared for their use in the unimpeded passage of members of "YATAMA" and their family members.
State definition
- Nature of state (general)
No specific mention.
- State configuration
No specific mention.
- Self determination
No specific mention.
- Referendum
No specific mention.
- State symbols
No specific mention.
- Independence/secession
No specific mention.
- Accession/unification
No specific mention.
- Border delimitation
No specific mention.
- Cross-border provision
No specific mention.
Governance
- Political institutions (new or reformed)
No specific mention.
- Elections
No specific mention.
- Electoral commission
No specific mention.
- Political parties reform
No specific mention.
- Civil societyPage 2, Article 3,
In order to ensure strict observance of the cease-fire, the personnel of the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall verify effective observance of the cease-fire.
In order to make it possible for the cease-fire to be verified by the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, "security zones" shall be established. See annex 1.
Page 2, Article 4,
Both the United Nations Observer Group in Central America and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall make the necessary arrangements for verification of the cease-fire.
Page 2, Article 10,
CIAV shall transport and deliver humanitarian assistance to the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance ant! their family members in the "security zones".
Page 2, Article 12,
The Government of Hicaragua and the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance shall co-cperate with CZAV and OHUCA in the performance of their functions.
Page 2,
... His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, under whose auspices the present Agreement is concluded, has agreed solemnly to proclaim this bilateral cease-fire as well as to co-operate and assist to the fullest of his ability in the disarmament, the verification of the effective and definitive cease-fire between the parties, the monitoring of the designated "security zones" in which the armed forces of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance will assemble and any other tasks of a humanitarian and social nature deriving from the above-mentioned activities. ... - Traditional/religious leadersPage 2, Article 3,
In order to ensure strict observance of the cease-fire, the personnel of the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall verify effective observance of the cease-fire.
In order to make it possible for the cease-fire to be verified by the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, "security zones" shall be established. See annex 1.
Page 2, Article 4,
Both the United Nations Observer Group in Central America and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall make the necessary arrangements for verification of the cease-fire.
Page 2,
... His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, under whose auspices the present Agreement is concluded, has agreed solemnly to proclaim this bilateral cease-fire as well as to co-operate and assist to the fullest of his ability in the disarmament, the verification of the effective and definitive cease-fire between the parties, the monitoring of the designated "security zones" in which the armed forces of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance will assemble and any other tasks of a humanitarian and social nature deriving from the above-mentioned activities. ... - Public administration
No specific mention.
- Constitution
No specific mention.
Power sharing
- Political power sharing
No specific mention.
- Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
- Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
- Military power sharing
No specific mention.
Human rights and equality
- Human rights/RoL general
No specific mention.
- Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
- Treaty incorporation
No specific mention.
- Civil and political rights
No specific mention.
- Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.
Rights related issues
- Citizenship
No specific mention.
- Democracy
No specific mention.
- Detention procedures
No specific mention.
- Media and communication
No specific mention.
- Mobility/access
No specific mention.
- Protection measures
No specific mention.
- Other
No specific mention.
Rights institutions
- NHRI
No specific mention.
- Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.
Justice sector reform
- Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
- State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
- Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
- Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
- Traditional Laws
No specific mention.
Socio-economic reconstruction
- Development or socio-economic reconstructionSocio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistancePage 2, Article 10,
CIAV shall transport and deliver humanitarian assistance to the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance ant! their family members in the "security zones".
Page 2,
... His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, under whose auspices the present Agreement is concluded, has agreed solemnly to proclaim this bilateral cease-fire as well as to co-operate and assist to the fullest of his ability in the disarmament, the verification of the effective and definitive cease-fire between the parties, the monitoring of the designated "security zones" in which the armed forces of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance will assemble and any other tasks of a humanitarian and social nature deriving from the above-mentioned activities. ... - National economic plan
No specific mention.
- Natural resources
No specific mention.
- International funds
No specific mention.
- Business
No specific mention.
- Taxation
No specific mention.
- Banks
No specific mention.
Land, property and environment
- Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
- Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
- Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
- Environment
No specific mention.
- Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.
Security sector
- Security Guarantees
No specific mention.
- CeasefireSecurity sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision[Summary] The entire agreement provides for a ceasefire between the The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua and the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance. While the articles dealing explicitly with the ceasefire are coded below, please see 'DDR' and 'civil society' for other provisions.
Page 1, Article 1,
The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua, duly represented by General Humberto Ortega Saavedra, and, for the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance, Commander Osorno Colleman agree to establish formally by means of the present document, with effect from 00.00 hours on the 20th day of the month of April 1990, a definitive cease-fire which shall be strictly observed by both parties.
Page 1, Article 2,
With effect from the date of the definitive cease-fire, the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertake to cease all forms of military hostilities as well as all other types of operations that might lead to a renewal of hostilities.
Page 2, Article 3,
In order to ensure strict observance of the cease-fire, the personnel of the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall verify effective observance of the cease-fire.
In order to make it possible for the cease-fire to be verified by the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, "security zones" shall be established. See annex 1.
Page 2, Article 4,
Both the United Nations Observer Group in Central America and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall make the necessary arrangements for verification of the cease-fire.
Page 1, Article 5,
The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes on 25 April 1990 to withdraw its military, paramilitary and security forces from the "security zones" and from all adjacent localities within 10 kilometres of the borders of the said zones. Once the withdrawal of these forces has been completed, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes not to mobilize any member of its military, paramilitary or security forces within 10 kilometres around the "security zones" and not to permit its military aircraft and helicopters to overfly the said zones.
The withdrawal of these forces from the "security zones" and the adjac nt areas shall be verified by ONUCA and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, who shall also monitor the relocation of the said forces to other localities.
Page 2, Article 6,
With effect from the date of this Agreement, all members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance present in Nicaragua shall proceed without delay to the "security zones" to carry out the various stages of demobilization.
Page 2, Article 7,
The military, paramilitary and security forces of the Government of Nicaragua shall facilitate the unimpeded passage of members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance proceeding to the "security zones". - Police
No specific mention.
- Armed forces
No specific mention.
- DDRSecurity sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisionsPage 1, Article 5,
The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes on 25 April 1990 to withdraw its military, paramilitary and security forces from the "security zones" and from all adjacent localities within 10 kilometres of the borders of the said zones. Once the withdrawal of these forces has been completed, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes not to mobilize any member of its military, paramilitary or security forces within 10 kilometres around the "security zones" and not to permit its military aircraft and helicopters to overfly the said zones.
The withdrawal of these forces from the "security zones" and the adjac nt areas shall be verified by ONUCA and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, who shall also monitor the relocation of the said forces to other localities.
Page 2, Article 6,
With effect from the date of this Agreement, all members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance present in Nicaragua shall proceed without delay to the "security zones" to carry out the various stages of demobilization.
Page 2, Article 7,
The military, paramilitary and security forces of the Government of Nicaragua shall facilitate the unimpeded passage of members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance proceeding to the "security zones".
Page 2, Article 8,
Communication and mobility from one zone to another shall be authorized under the co-ordination of OHUCA.
Page 2, Article 9,
The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to respect the liberty, security and physical and moral integrity of the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance and of their family members.
Page 2, Article 10,
CIAV shall transport and deliver humanitarian assistance to the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance ant! their family members in the "security zones".
Page 2, Article 11,
The general services normally provided in the "security zones" and their environs shall continue to be provided.
Page 2, Article 12,
The Government of Hicaragua and the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance shall co-cperate with CZAV and OHUCA in the performance of their functions.
Page 2, Article 13,
The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to clear the mines from the frontier areas or Rio Coco and Bismona mined by the Sandinist People's Army. The "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance undertakes to provide all information in its possession regarding zones which it knows to be mined. The military authorities shall indicate the routes from which mines have been cleared for their use in the unimpeded passage of members of "YATAMA" and their family members.
Page 2,
... His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, under whose auspices the present Agreement is concluded, has agreed solemnly to proclaim this bilateral cease-fire as well as to co-operate and assist to the fullest of his ability in the disarmament, the verification of the effective and definitive cease-fire between the parties, the monitoring of the designated "security zones" in which the armed forces of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance will assemble and any other tasks of a humanitarian and social nature deriving from the above-mentioned activities. ... - Intelligence services
No specific mention.
- Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forcesPage 1, Article 5,
The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes on 25 April 1990 to withdraw its military, paramilitary and security forces from the "security zones" and from all adjacent localities within 10 kilometres of the borders of the said zones. Once the withdrawal of these forces has been completed, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes not to mobilize any member of its military, paramilitary or security forces within 10 kilometres around the "security zones" and not to permit its military aircraft and helicopters to overfly the said zones.
The withdrawal of these forces from the "security zones" and the adjac nt areas shall be verified by ONUCA and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, who shall also monitor the relocation of the said forces to other localities.
Page 2, Article 6,
With effect from the date of this Agreement, all members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance present in Nicaragua shall proceed without delay to the "security zones" to carry out the various stages of demobilization.
Page 2, Article 7,
The military, paramilitary and security forces of the Government of Nicaragua shall facilitate the unimpeded passage of members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance proceeding to the "security zones".
Page 2, Article 8,
Communication and mobility from one zone to another shall be authorized under the co-ordination of OHUCA.
Page 2, Article 9,
The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to respect the liberty, security and physical and moral integrity of the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance and of their family members.
Page 2, Article 10,
CIAV shall transport and deliver humanitarian assistance to the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance ant! their family members in the "security zones".
Page 2, Article 11,
The general services normally provided in the "security zones" and their environs shall continue to be provided.
Page 2, Article 12,
The Government of Hicaragua and the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance shall co-cperate with CZAV and OHUCA in the performance of their functions.
Page 2, Article 13,
The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to clear the mines from the frontier areas or Rio Coco and Bismona mined by the Sandinist People's Army. The "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance undertakes to provide all information in its possession regarding zones which it knows to be mined. The military authorities shall indicate the routes from which mines have been cleared for their use in the unimpeded passage of members of "YATAMA" and their family members.
Page 2,
... His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, under whose auspices the present Agreement is concluded, has agreed solemnly to proclaim this bilateral cease-fire as well as to co-operate and assist to the fullest of his ability in the disarmament, the verification of the effective and definitive cease-fire between the parties, the monitoring of the designated "security zones" in which the armed forces of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance will assemble and any other tasks of a humanitarian and social nature deriving from the above-mentioned activities. ... - Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
- Corruption
No specific mention.
- Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
- Drugs
No specific mention.
- Terrorism
No specific mention.
Transitional justice
- Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
- Amnesty/pardon
No specific mention.
- Courts
No specific mention.
- Mechanism
No specific mention.
- Prisoner release
No specific mention.
- Vetting
No specific mention.
- Victims
No specific mention.
- Missing persons
No specific mention.
- Reparations
No specific mention.
- Reconciliation
No specific mention.
Implementation
- UN signatory
No specific mention.
- Other international signatory
No specific mention.
- Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
- International mission/force/similarPage 2, Article 3,
In order to ensure strict observance of the cease-fire, the personnel of the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall verify effective observance of the cease-fire.
In order to make it possible for the cease-fire to be verified by the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, "security zones" shall be established. See annex 1. - Enforcement mechanismPage 2, Article 4,
Both the United Nations Observer Group in Central America and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall make the necessary arrangements for verification of the cease-fire.
Page 2,
... His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, under whose auspices the present Agreement is concluded, has agreed solemnly to proclaim this bilateral cease-fire as well as to co-operate and assist to the fullest of his ability in the disarmament, the verification of the effective and definitive cease-fire between the parties, the monitoring of the designated "security zones" in which the armed forces of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance will assemble and any other tasks of a humanitarian and social nature deriving from the above-mentioned activities. ... - Related cases
No specific mention.
- SourceUN Peacemaker. Available at: https://peacemaker.un.org/nicaragua-ceasefireyatama90 (Accessed 6 October 2020).
ANNEX I
Definitive cease-fire agreement between the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua and ti,e "yATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance under the auspices of His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo
1. The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua, duly represented by General Humberto Ortega Saavedra, and, for the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance, Commander Osorno Colleman agree to establish formally by means of the present document, with effect from 00.00 hours on the 20th day of the month of April 1990, a definitive cease-fire which shall be strictly observed by both parties.
2. With effect from the date of the definitive cease-fire, the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Nicaraguan Resistance and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertake to cease all forms of military hostilities as well as all other types of operations that might lead to a renewal of hostilities.
3. In order to ensure strict observance of the cease-fire, the personnel of the United *.;;vtions Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall verify effective observance of the cease-fire.
In order to make it possible for the cease-fire to be verified by the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, "security zones" shall be established.
See annex 1.
4. 13oth the United Nations Observer Group in Central America and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall make the necessary arrangements for verification of the cease-fire.
5. The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes on 25 April 1990 to withdraw its military, paramilitary and security forces from the "security zones" and from all adjacent localities within 10 kilometres of the borders of the said zones.
Once the withdrawal of these forces has been completed, the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua undertakes not to mobilize any member of its military, paramilitary or security forces within 10 kilometres around the "security zones" and not to permit its military aircraft and helicopters to overfly the said zones.
The withdrawal of these forces from the "security zones" and the adjac nt areas shall be verified by ONUCA and by His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, who shall also monitor the relocation of the said forces to other localities.
6. With effect from the date of this Agreement, all members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance present in Nicaragua shall proceed without delay to the "security zones" to carry out the various stages of demobilization.
7. The military, paramilitary and security forces of the Government of Nicaragua shall facilitate the unimpeded passage of members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance proceeding to the "security zones".
8. Communication and mobility from one zone to another shall be authorized under the co-ordination of OHUCA.
9. The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to respect the liberty, security and physical and moral integrity of the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance and of their family members.
10. CIAV shall transport and deliver humanitarian assistance to the members of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance ant!
their family members in the "security zones".
11. The general services normally provided in the "security zones" and their environs shall continue to be provided.
12. The Government of Hicaragua and the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance shall co-cperate with CZAV and OHUCA in the performance of their functions.
13. The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to clear the mines from the frontier areas or Rio Coco and Bismona mined by the Sandinist People's Army.
The "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance undertakes to provide all information in its possession regarding zones which it knows to be mined.
The military authorities shall indicate the routes from which mines have been cleared for their use in the unimpeded passage of members of "YATAMA" and their family members.
His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo, under whose auspices the present Agreement is concluded, has agreed solemnly to proclaim this bilateral cease-fire as well as to co-operate and assist to the fullest of his ability in the disarmament, the verification of the effective and definitive cease-fire between the parties, the monitoring of the designated "security zones" in which the armed forces of the "YATAMA" Atlantic Front of the Hicaraguan Resistance will assemble and any other tasks of a humanitarian and social nature deriving from the above-mentioned activities.
Finally, His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo expresses his satisfaction at the patriotic decisions taken and joins with the signatories in giving thanks to the Lord for His assistance in opening the eyes of the contending parties.
For their part uhe undersigned, on behalf of and representing President-Elect Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, endorse the present definitive Cease-fire Agreement in its entirety, and pledge to observe it strictly as from 25 April 1990.
DONE in the city of Managua this 18th day of the month of April 1990.
OSORNO COLLIMAN
Commander and Chief of the "XATAMA" Atlantic Front of 'the Nicaraguan Resistance
HUMBERTO ORTEGA SAAVEDRA
Government of the Republic of Nicaragua
MIGUEL CARDINAL OBANDO Y BRAVO
ANTONIO LACAYO
Representative of the elected Government of Nicaragua
Annex 1
The present annex forms an integral part of the Cease-fire Agreement.
1. Security areas 1 and 2 shall be those indicated on the It 1,000,000, It250,000 and It50,000 scale maps.
Annex 2
The present annex forms an integral part of the Cease-fire Agreement.
18 April
1. Signature of the definitive cease-fire.
23 April
1. Withdrawal of the concentration of the Sandinist People's Army and security forces from the security zones and adjacent areas.
Annex 3
25 April
1. YATAMA members begin to proceed from the banks of the Rio Coco to security zone No.
1.
8 May
1. Installation of ONUCA observers to verify the cease-fire.
2. Arrival of the ONUCA contingent in the security sones.
3. Installation of CIAV in the security zones.
4. All YATAKA forces must be within the security sones.
18..May
1. Completion of demobilisation in sones 1 and 2