Addendum to the Memorandum of Understanding on Cessation of Hostilities between the Govt of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army

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Country/entity: South Sudan
Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Addendum to the Memorandum of Understanding on Cessation of Hostilities between the Govt of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army
Date: 4 Feb 2003
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Sudanese (North-South) peace process
Parties: Hon Idris Mohammed Abdul Gadir, for the Government of the Sudan; Cdr, Nhial Deng Nhial, for the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A)
Third parties: Signed: Lt Gen Lazro K. Sumbeiywo, Special Envoy IGAD Sudan Peace Process and on behalf of IGAD Envoys
Description: An agreement that strengthens the main mechanism for monitoring the cessation of hostilities, the Verification and Monitoring Tea (VMT), by expanding the Civilian Protection Monitoring Team (CPMT), in addition to allowing the CPMT, IGAD, AU, and Observer Nations to partake in the verification and monitoring missions.

Agreement document: SD_030204_Addendum to MoU on Cessation of Hostilities.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media logistics
Page 2, 1. To notify to the MOU channel of Communications Committee (the MOU Committee) in advance of all troop movements, including rotations, and supply and re-supply of non-combat items;

Page 2, 4. To permit free access to such VMT to travel in and around areas where a complaint had been filed by any of the parties. The team shall notify the MOU Committee of the results of all such missions. All reports of the Verification and Monitoring Team
shall be made public by the MOU Committee without delay or alteration.

Page 3, 7, To take further measures to ensure compliance with the requirement to freeze media wars and propaganda against one another in accordance with article 3 of the MOU.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Page 2, 3. To allow a Verification and Monitoring Team (VMT), which may include, in addition to the two parties, personnel and aircraft from an expanded Civilian Protection Monitoring Team (G>MT), IGAD, AU, Observer Nations, i.e., Italy, Norway, UK and the US,
and any other nation that may be agreed to by the Parties. Members of both Parties shall have the right to participate in Verification and Monitoring missions.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 2, In furtherance of Article 4 of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Government of Sudan (COS) and Ihe Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) (hereinafter referred to as the Parties on Resumption of Negotiations on Peace in Sudan, signed on Resumption of Negotiations on Peace in Sudan, signed on 15th October 2002, and extended by a further MOU on 18th November 2002, and in order to avoid further violations of the MOU, the Parties hereby agree to the following additional mechanisms to strengthen the implementation of the MOU: [...]

Page 2, 1. To notify to the MOU channel of Communications Committee (the MOU Committee) in advance of all troop movements, including rotations, and supply and re-supply of non-combat items;

Page 2, 2. To provide to the MOU Committee the identity and location of their own forces and all allied forces and affiliated militia.

Page 2, 5. To take immediate steps to ensure that any location/s taken over by any party in violation to the MOU since the MOU came into effect on 17th October 2002 are immediately restored to the party that had control over such location/s prior to the violation.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 2, 1. To notify to the MOU channel of Communications Committee (the MOU Committee) in advance of all troop movements, including rotations, and supply and re-supply of non-combat items;

Page 2, 2. To provide to the MOU Committee the identity and location of their own forces and all allied forces and affiliated militia.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2, 2. To provide to the MOU Committee the identity and location of their own forces and all allied forces and affiliated militia.

~

Page 2, 1. To notify to the MOU channel of Communications Committee (the MOU Committee) in advance of all troop movements, including rotations, and supply and re-supply of non-combat items;

Page 2, 2. To provide to the MOU Committee the identity and location of their own forces and all allied forces and affiliated militia.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, 3. To allow a Verification and Monitoring Team (VMT), which may include, in addition to the two parties, personnel and aircraft from an expanded Civilian Protection Monitoring Team (G>MT), IGAD, AU, Observer Nations, i.e., Italy, Norway, UK and the US,
and any other nation that may be agreed to by the Parties. Members of both Parties shall have the right to participate in Verification and Monitoring missions.

Page 2, 4. To permit free access to such VMT to travel in and around areas where a complaint had been filed by any of the parties. The team shall notify the MOU Committee of the results of all such missions. All reports of the Verification and Monitoring Team
shall be made public by the MOU Committee without delay or alteration.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, 3. To allow a Verification and Monitoring Team (VMT), which may include, in addition to the two parties, personnel and aircraft from an expanded Civilian Protection Monitoring Team (G>MT), IGAD, AU, Observer Nations, i.e., Italy, Norway, UK and the US,
and any other nation that may be agreed to by the Parties. Members of both Parties shall have the right to participate in Verification and Monitoring missions.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker. Available at: https://peacemaker.un.org/sudan-addendum-mou2003 (Accessed 6 October 2020).

ADDENDUM TO THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

ON CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES BETWEEN

THE GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN (GOS)

AND THE SUDAN PEOPLE'S LIBERATION MOVEMENT/ARMY (SPLM/A)

KENYA COMHMER.CIAL BANK MANAGEMENT CENTRE,

KAREN, NAIROBI

4TH FEBRUARY, 2003

In furtherance of Artick 4 of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Government of Sudan (GOS) and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) (hereinafter referred to as the Parties) on Resumption of Negotiations on Peace in Sudan, signed on 15th October 2002, and extended by a further MOU on 18th November 2002, and in order to avoid further violations of the MOU, the Parties hereby agree to the following additional mechanisms to strengthen the implementation of the MOU:

1. To notify to the MOU channel of Communications Committee (the MOU Committee) in advance of all troop movements, including rotations, and supply and re-supply of non-combat items;

2. To provide to the MOU Committee ihe identity and location of their own forces and all allied forces and affiliated miltia.

3. To allow a Verlfication and.

Monitoring Team (VMT).

which may indude, in addition to the two parties, persornnel and aircraft from an expanded Civilian Protection Monitoring Team (CPMT), IGAD, AU, Observer Nations, i.e., Italy, Norway, UK and the US, and any other nation that may be agreed to by the Parties.

Members of both Parties shall have the right to participate in Verification and Monitoring missions.

4. To permit free access to such VMT to travel in and around areas where a complaint had been filed by any of the parties.

The team shall notify the MOU Committee of the results of all such missions.

All reports of the Verification and Monitoring Team shall be made public by the MOU Committee without delay or alteration.

5. To take 1mmediatc steps to ensure that any locatiorrls taken over by any party in violation to the MOU since the MOU came into effect on 17th October 2002 are immediately restored to the party that had control over such location/s prior to the violation.

6. To suspend work on the Bentiu-Aclok Road until the final, comprehensive Peace Agreement is signed.

7. To take further measures to ensure compliance with the requirement to freeze media wars and propaganda against one another in occordance with article 3 of the MOU.

These addtional mechanisms shall enter into force immediately.

Hon. Idris Mohammed Abdel Gadir

For the Government of Sudan

Cdr. Nhial Deng Nhial

For: The Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A)

Lt. Gen Lazaro K. Sumbeiywo

Special envoy, IGAD Sudan Peace Process and on behalf of IGAD envoys.