Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front ('Arusha Agreement')
Export agreement coding (PDF)- Country/entityRwanda
- RegionAfrica (excl MENA)
- Agreement namePeace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front ('Arusha Agreement')
- Date4 Aug 1993
- Agreement statusMultiparty signed/agreed
- Interim arrangementYes
- Agreement/conflict levelIntrastate/intrastate conflict ( )
- StageFramework/substantive - comprehensive
- Conflict natureGovernment
- Peace processRwanda-RPF process
- PartiesThe Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic front
- Third partiesPage 3, Untitled preamble, para 17
Have, at the conclusion of the Peace Talks held in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, between 10th July, 1992 and 24th June, 1993 as well as Kinihira, Republic of Rwanda from 19th to 25th July, 1993 under the aegis of the Facilitator, His Excellency Ali Hassan MWINY1, President of the United Republic of Tanzania, in the presence of the Representative of the Mediator, His Excellency, MOBUTU SESE SEKO, President of the Republic of Zaire as well as Representatives of the Current Chairmen of the OAU, His Excellency Abdou DIOUF, President of the Republic of Senegal, and Hosni MUBARAK, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Secretary General of the OAU, Dr. Salim Ahmed SALIM, the Secretary General of the United Nations, Dr. Boutros Boutros GHAU and Observers representing the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Burundi, the United States of America, France, Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe;
Calling the International Community to witness;
Page 6-7, Article 10:
The present Peace Agreement is signed by the President of the Republic Rwanda and the Chairman of the Rwandese Patriotic Front, in the presence of:
- The Facilitator, His Excellency, Ali Hassan MWINYI, President of the United Republic of Tanzania,
- His Excellency, Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI, President of the Republic of Uganda; Observer country;
- His Excellency Melchior NDADAYE, President of of the Republic of Burundi, Observer country;
- The Representative of the Mediator, His Excellency Faustin BERINDWA, Prime Minister of Zaire;
- Dr. Salim Ahmed SALIM, Secretary General of the OAU;
- The Repesentative of the Secretary General of the United Nations;
- The Representative of the Current Chairman of the OAU;
- The Representatives of other Observer countries: Germany, Belgium United States of America, France, Nigeria and Zimbabwe;
- The delegations of the two parties.
Signatories:
In the presence of the Facilitator, Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of the United Republic of Tanzania
In the presence of the Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr Vladmir Petrovsky, Under-Secretary General, Director General of the United Nations Office at Geneva
In the presence of the Secretary General of the OAU, Dr Salim Ahmed Salim - DescriptionThis is the main comprehensive peace agreement that re-states the commitment of different parties to previously signed protocols tackling different core issues, as well as framing the Agreement and the 1991 Constitution as the Fundamental Law. It also defines modalities in regards to the Transitional institutions (appointment of Prime Minister and time frame).
- Agreement document
Groups
- Children/youth
No specific mention.
- Disabled persons
No specific mention.
- Elderly/age
No specific mention.
- Migrant workers
No specific mention.
- Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
- Religious groups
No specific mention.
- Indigenous people
No specific mention.
- Other groups
No specific mention.
- Refugees/displaced personsGroups→Refugees/displaced persons→RhetoricalPage 2, Untitled Preamble, Para 14
Recognizing that the unity of the Rwandese people cannot be achieved until definitive solution to the problem of Rwandese refugees is found and that the return of Rwandese refugees to their country is an inalienable right and constitutes a factor for peace and national unity and reconciliation; - Social class
No specific mention.
Gender
- Women, girls and gender
No specific mention.
- Men and boys
No specific mention.
- LGBTI
No specific mention.
- Family
No specific mention.
State definition
- Nature of state (general)Page 2, Untitled Preamble, Para 7
Reaffirming their unwavering determination to respect principles underlying the Rule of Law which include democracy, national unity, pluralism, the respect of fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual; - State configuration
No specific mention.
- Self determination
No specific mention.
- Referendum
No specific mention.
- State symbols
No specific mention.
- Independence/secession
No specific mention.
- Accession/unification
No specific mention.
- Border delimitation
No specific mention.
- Cross-border provision
No specific mention.
Governance
- Political institutions (new or reformed)Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutionsPage 6, Article 6:
The two parties agree on the appointment of Mr. TWAGIRAMUNGU Faustin as Prime Minister of the Broad-Based Transitional Government, in accordance with Articles 6 and 51 of the Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Power-Sharing within the framework of a Broad-Based Transitional Government.
Page 6, Article 7:
The Transitional Institutions shall be set up within thirty seven (37) days following the signing of the Peace Agreement.
Page 6, Article 8:
The current Government shall remain in Office until the Broad-Based Transitional Government is established. The maintenance of that Government does not mean that it can encroach on the mandate of Broad-Based Transitional Government being established.
The current Government shall, in no case, take decisions which may detrimental to the implementation of the Broad-Based Transition programme.
Page 6, Article 9:
The "Conseil National de Developpment" (CND) shall remain in Office until the Transitional National Assembly is established. However, as from the date of signing the Peace Agreement, it shall not enact laws. - Elections
No specific mention.
- Electoral commission
No specific mention.
- Political parties reform
No specific mention.
- Civil society
No specific mention.
- Traditional/religious leaders
No specific mention.
- Public administration
No specific mention.
- ConstitutionGovernance→Constitution→Constitution affirmation/renewalPage 4-5, Article 3:
The two parties also agree that the Constitution of 10th June, 1991 and the Arusha Peace Agreement shall constitute indissolubly the Fundamental Law that shall govern the Country during the Transition period, taking into account the following provisions:
1. The following articles of the Constitution shall be replaced by the
provisions of the Peace Agreement relating to the same matters. The Articles in question are: 34,35,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,63,65,66,67,68,70,71,73,74,75 paragraph 2,77 paragraphs 3 and 4,81,82,83,84,85, 86,87,88 paragaph 1, 90,96,99,101.
2. In case of conflict between the other provisions of the Constitution and those of the Peace Agreement, the provisions of the Peace Agreement shall prevail.
3. The Constitutional Court shall verify the conformity of Laws and Orders in Council with the Fundamental Law thus defined. Pending the enactment of the law on the Supreme Court, the existing Constitutional Court shall remain composed of both the Court of Cassation and the State of Council. The Presiding Judge of the Constitutional Court shall assume the presidency.
Page 5, Article 4:
In case of conflict between the provisions of the Fundamental Law and those of other Laws and Regulations, the provisions of the Fundamental Law shall prevail.Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/makingSee reform elements above.
Power sharing
- Political power sharingPower sharing→Political power sharing→GeneralState levelPage 2, Untitled Preamble, Para 10
Considering that the two parties accepted the principle of power-sharing within the framework of a Broad-Based Transitional Government;Power sharing→Political power sharing→Executive coalitionState levelPage 6, Article 6:
The two parties agree on the appointment of Mr. TWAGIRAMUNGU Faustin as Prime Minister of the Broad-Based Transitional Government, in accordance with Articles 6 and 51 of the Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Power-Sharing within the framework of a Broad-Based Transitional Government. - Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
- Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
- Military power sharing
No specific mention.
Human rights and equality
- Human rights/RoL generalPage 2, Untitled Preamble:
Reaffirming their unwavering determination to respect principles underlying the Rule of Law which include democracy, national unity, pluralism, the respect of fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual; - Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
- Treaty incorporation
No specific mention.
- Civil and political rights
No specific mention.
- Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.
Rights related issues
- Citizenship
No specific mention.
- DemocracyPage 2, Untitled Preamble:
Reaffirming their unwavering determination to respect principles underlying the Rule of Law which include democracy, national unity, pluralism, the respect of fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual; - Detention procedures
No specific mention.
- Media and communication
No specific mention.
- Mobility/access
No specific mention.
- Protection measures
No specific mention.
- Other
No specific mention.
Rights institutions
- NHRI
No specific mention.
- Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.
Justice sector reform
- Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
- State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
- Judiciary and courtsPage 4-5, Article 3:
The two parties also agree that the Constitution of 10th June, 1991 and the Arusha Peace Agreement shall constitute indissolubly the Fundamental Law that shall govern the Country during the Transition period, taking into account the following provisions:
[…]
3. The Constitutional Court shall verify the conformity of Laws and Orders in Council with the Fundamental Law thus defined. Pending the enactment of the law on the Supreme Court, the existing Constitutional Court shall remain composed of both the Court of Cassation and the State of Council. The Presiding Judge of the Constitutional Court shall assume the presidency. - Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
- Traditional Laws
No specific mention.
Socio-economic reconstruction
- Development or socio-economic reconstruction
No specific mention.
- National economic plan
No specific mention.
- Natural resources
No specific mention.
- International funds
No specific mention.
- Business
No specific mention.
- Taxation
No specific mention.
- Banks
No specific mention.
Land, property and environment
- Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
- Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
- Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
- Environment
No specific mention.
- Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.
Security sector
- Security Guarantees
No specific mention.
- Ceasefire
No specific mention.
- Police
No specific mention.
- Armed forcesPage 2, Untitled Preamble, Para 12
Considering that the conflictual situation between the two parties can only brought to an end through the formation of one and single National Army and new National Gendarmerie from forces of the two warring parties; - DDR
No specific mention.
- Intelligence services
No specific mention.
- Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces
No specific mention.
- Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
- Corruption
No specific mention.
- Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
- Drugs
No specific mention.
- Terrorism
No specific mention.
Transitional justice
- Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
- Amnesty/pardon
No specific mention.
- Courts
No specific mention.
- Mechanism
No specific mention.
- Prisoner release
No specific mention.
- Vetting
No specific mention.
- Victims
No specific mention.
- Missing persons
No specific mention.
- Reparations
No specific mention.
- ReconciliationPage 2, Untitled Preamble, Para 14
Recognizing that the unity of the Rwandese people cannot be achieved until definitive solution to the problem of Rwandese refugees is found and that the return of Rwandese refugees to their country is an inalienable right and constitutes a factor for peace and national unity and reconciliation;
Page 5, Article 5:
The Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front undertake to make every possible effort to ensure that the present Peace Agreement is respected and implemented.
They further undertake to spare no effort to promote National Unity an Reconciliation.
Implementation
- UN signatoryIn the presence of the Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr Vladmir Petrovsky, Under-Secretary General, Director General of the United Nations Office at Geneva
- Other international signatoryIn the presence of the Facilitator, Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of the United Republic of Tanzania
In the presence of the Secretary General of the OAU, Dr Salim Ahmed Salim - Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
- International mission/force/similar
No specific mention.
- Enforcement mechanism
No specific mention.
- Related cases
No specific mention.
- Sourcehttp://peacemaker.un.org/
Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front The Government of the Republic of Rwanda on the one hand, and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on the other;
Firmly resolved to find a political negotiated solution to the war situation confronting the Rwandese people since 1st October, 1990;
Considering and appreciating the efforts deployed by the countries of the Sub-region with a view to helping the Rwandese people to recover peace;
Referring to the numerous high-level meetings held respectively at Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania, on 17th October, 1990, in Gbadolite, Republic Zaire, on 26th October, 1990, in Goma, Republic of Zaire, on 20th November, 1990, in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania, on 17th February, 1991, in Dar-es-Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania, on 19th February, 1991 and from 5th to 7th March, 1993;
Considering that all these meetings aimed first and foremost at establishing a ceasefire so as to enable the two parties to look for a solution to the war through direct negotiations;
Noting the N’SELE Ceasefire Agreement, of 29th March, 1991 as amended in GBADOLITE on 16th September, 1991 and at ARUSHA on 12th July, 1992;
Reaffirming their unwavering determination to respect principles underlying the Rule of Law which include democracy, national unity, pluralism, the respect of fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual;
Considering that these principles constitute the basis and consistency of a lasting peace awaited by the Rwandese people for the benefit of the present and future generations;
Noting the Protocol of Agreement on the Rule of Law signed at Arusha on 18th August, 1992;
Considering that the two parties accepted the principle of power-sharing within the framework of a BroadBased Transitional Government;
Noting the Protocols of Agreement on Power-Sharing signed at ARUSHA respectively on 30th October, 1992, and on 9th January, 1993;
Considering that the conflictual situation between the two parties can only be brought to an end through the formation of one and single National Army and a new National Gendarmerie from forces of the two warring parties;
Noting of the Protocol of Agreement on the integration of Armed Forces of both Parties, signed at Arusha on 3rd August, 1993;
Recognizing that the unity of the Rwandese people cannot be achieved until a definitive solution to the problem of Rwandese refugees is found and that the return of Rwandese refugees to their country is an inalienable right and constitutes a factor for peace and national unity and reconciliation;
Noting the Protocol of Agreement on the repatriation of Rwandese refugees and the Resettlement of Displaced Persons, signed at ARUSHA on 9th June, 1993;
Resolved to eradicate and put a definite end to all the root causes which gave rise to the war;
Have, at the conclusion of the Peace Talks held in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, between 10th July, 1992 and 24th June, 1993 as well as Kinihira, Republic of Rwanda from 19th to 25th July, 1993 under the aegis of the Facilitator, His Excellency Ali Hassan MWINYI, President of the United Republic of Tanzania, in the presence of the Representative of the Mediator, His Excellency, MOBUTU SESE SEKO, President of the Republic of Zaire as well as Representatives of the Current Chairmen of the OAU, His Excellency Abdou DIOUF, President of the Republic of Senegal, and Hosni MUBARAK, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Secretary General of the OAU, Dr. Salim Ahmed SALIM, the Secretary General of the United Nations, Dr. Boutros Boutros GHALI and Observers representing Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Burundi, the United States of America, France, Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe;
Calling the International Community to witness;
Hereby agree on the following provisions:
Article 1 The war between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front is hereby brought to an end.
Article 2 The following documents are an integral part of the present Peace Agreement concluded between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front:
I. The N’SELE Ceasefire Agreement of 29th March, 1991 between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front, as amended in GBADOLITE on 16th September, 1991 and at Arusha on 12th July, 1992;
II.
The Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on the Rule of Law, signed at Arusha on 18th September, 1992;
III.
The Protocols of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Power-Sharing within the Framework of a Broad-Based Transitional Government, signed at Arusha respectively on 30th October, 1992 and on 9th January, 1993;
IV.
The Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on the Repatriation of Refugees and the Resettlement of Displaced Persons, signed at Arusha on 9th June, 1993;
V. The Protocol Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on the integration of Armed Forces of the two parties, signed at ARUSHA on, 3rd August, 1993;
VI.
The Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Miscellaneous Issues and Final Provisions signed at Arusha on 3rd August, 1993.
These entire documents are attached as Annex.
Article 3 The two parties also agree that the Constitution of 10th June, 1991 and the Arusha Peace Agreement shall constitute indissolubly the Fundamental Law that shall govern the Country during the Transition period, taking into account the following provisions:
1.
The following Articles of the Constitution shall be replaced by the provisions of the Peace Agreement relating to the same matters.
The Articles in question are:
34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 4,3, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, .50, 51, 52, ,54, 55, .56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75 paragraph 2, 77 paragraphs 3 and 4, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 paragraph 1, 90, 96, 99, 101.
2.
In case of conflict between the other provisions of the Constitution and those of the Peace Agreement, the provisions of the Peace Agreement shall prevail.
3.
The Constitutional Court shall verify the conformity of Laws and Orders in Council with the Fundamental Law thus defined.
Pending the enactment of the law on the Supreme Court, the existing Constitutional Court shall remain composed of both the Court of Cassation and the State of Council.
The Presiding Judge of the Constitutional Court shall assume the presidency.
Article 4 In case of conflict between the provisions of the Fundamental Law and those of other Laws and Regulations, the provisions of the Fundamental Law shall prevail.
Article 5 The Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front undertake to make every possible effort to ensure that the present Peace Agreement is respected and implemented.
They further undertake to spare no effort to promote National Unity and Reconciliation.
Article 6 The two parties agree on the appointment of Mr. TWAGIRAMUNGU Faustin as Prime Minister of the BroadBased Transitional Government, in accordance with Articles 6 and 51 of the Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Power-Sharing within the framework of a Broad-Based Transitional Government.
Article 7 The Transitional Institutions shall be set up within thirty seven (37) days following the signing of the Peace Agreement.
Article 8 The current Government shall remain in Office until the Broad-Based Transitional Government is established.
The maintenance of that Government does not mean that it can encroach on the mandate of the Broad-Based Transitional Government being established.
The current Government shall, in no case, take decisions which may be detrimental to the implementation of the Broad-Based Transitional programme.
Article 9 The “Conseil National de développement” (CND) shall remain in Office until the Transitional National Assembly is established.
However, as from date of signing the Peace Agreement, it shall not enact laws.
Article 10 The present Peace Agreement is signed by the President of the Republic Rwanda and the Chairman of the Rwandese Patriotic Front, in the presence of:
- The Facilitator, His Excellency, Ali Hassan MWINYI, President of the United Republic of Tanzania;
- His Excellency, Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI, President of the Republic of Uganda, Observer country;
- His Excellency Melchior NDADAYE, President of the Republic of Burundi, Observer country;
- The Representative of the Mediator, His Excellency Faustin BIRINDWA, Prime Minister of Zaire;
- Dr. Salim Ahmed SALIM, Secretary General of the OAU;
- The Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations;
- The Representative of the Current Chairman of the OAU;
- The Representatives of other Observer countries:
Germany, United States of America, France, Nigeria and Zimbabwe;
- The delegations of the two parties.
Article 11 The present Peace Agreement shall come into force upon its signing by parties.
Done at Arusha, on the 4th day of the month of August, 1993 both in and English languages, the original text being in French.
Major-General Justenal Habyarimana President of the Republic of Rwanda Colonel Alexis Kanyarengwe Chairman of the Rwandese Patriotic Front In the presence of the Facilitator Ali Hassan Mwinyi President of the United Republic of Tanzania In the presence of the Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations Vladimir Petrovsky Under-Secretary General Director General of the United Nations Office at Geneva In the presence of the Secretary General of the OAU Salim Ahmed Salim.