The Managua Protocol on Disarmament
Export agreement coding (PDF)Country/entity
NicaraguaRegion
AmericasAgreement name
The Managua Protocol on DisarmamentDate
30 May 1990Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreedInterim arrangement
YesAgreement/conflict level
Intrastate/intrastate conflict ( )Stage
Ceasefire/relatedConflict nature
GovernmentPeace process
Nicaragua contra processParties
President of the Republic, Resistance ForcesThird parties
Nicaraguan Cardinal Miguel Obando y BravoDescription
Agreement detailing demobilization and reintegration of Nicaraguan resistance forces and treatment of their families to certain designted 'development' areas; Govt undertaking to appoint reps of the demobilized combatants to the relevant Ministries and to allow them to participate in local government. Provides for possibility of the resistance to become a political party.
Agreement document
Groups
- Children/youthGroups→Children/youth→SubstantivePage 1, 1. The implementation of measures planned in connection with the "Commitment to guarantee the physical and moral integrity of the combatants of the Nicaraguan resistance, as a group and individually, their family members and the civilian population accompanying them" shall be facilitated as follows:
[...]
(d) The resistance is urged to submit immediately a list of widows and orphans, so that the Nicaraguan Social Security and Welfare Institute can include them in its budget and they can receive the monthly pensions to which they are entitled. - Disabled personsGroups→Disabled persons→SubstantivePage 1, 1. The implementation of measures planned in connection with the "Commitment to guarantee the physical and moral integrity of the combatants of the Nicaraguan resistance, as a group and individually, their family members and the civilian population accompanying them" shall be facilitated as follows:
[...]
(b) Disabled and wounded ex-combatants shall be given specialized care in Managua; - Elderly/age
No specific mention.
- Migrant workers
No specific mention.
- Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
- Religious groups
No specific mention.
- Indigenous people
No specific mention.
- Other groups
No specific mention.
- Refugees/displaced persons
No specific mention.
- Social class
No specific mention.
Gender
- Women, girls and genderPage 4, 1.d. The resistance is urged to submit immediately a list of widows and orphans, so that the Nicaraguan Social Security and Welfare Institute can include them in its budget and they can receive the monthly pensions to which they are entitled.
Page 2, 10.
In compliance with the Toncontin Agreement and its addendum, the resistance hereby ratifies its undertaking to demobilise and lay down its arms by 10 June 1990 at the latest. To that end, the resistance undertakes to demobilize at least 100 combatants each day in each zone as from this date. Furthermore, in honour of Mother's Day, a considerable number of the combatants of the Nicaraguan resistance shall be demobilized. - Men and boys
No specific mention.
- LGBTI
No specific mention.
- FamilyPage 4, 1. [...] (c) A commission comprising members from the Government, the Nicaraguan resistance, the United Nations International Support and Verification Commission (CIA.V) and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall be established to travel to Honduras and Costa Rica in order to make a thorough investigation of the living conditions of the families of the resistance combatants and take emergency measures to solve any problems that come to light;
Page 5, 7. The Government undertakes to appoint upon the recommendation of the resistance, a representative of the demobiliaed combatants to the Ministries dealing with ex-combatants and their families, namely the Ministries of Health, Agrarian Reform, Labour and others, and also to appoint two members to the Governing Council of the Nicaraguan Repatriation Institute.
State definition
- Nature of state (general)
No specific mention.
- State configuration
No specific mention.
- Self determination
No specific mention.
- Referendum
No specific mention.
- State symbols
No specific mention.
- Independence/secession
No specific mention.
- Accession/unification
No specific mention.
- Border delimitation
No specific mention.
- Cross-border provision
No specific mention.
Governance
- Political institutions (new or reformed)
No specific mention.
- Elections
No specific mention.
- Electoral commission
No specific mention.
- Political parties reform
No specific mention.
- Civil society[Summary] His Eminence Cardinal Obando y Bravo signatory to agreement and to be member of Commission to ensure that the demobilized and their families are living in suitable conditions.
- Traditional/religious leaders
No specific mention.
- Public administration
No specific mention.
- Constitution
No specific mention.
Power sharing
- Political power sharingPower sharing→Political power sharing→GeneralSub-state levelPage 5, 8. The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to allow the ex-combatants of the resistance who have settled in the development areas to participate in the local government, that is, within the development area. In addition, the ex-combatants who return to their places of origin shall receive the necessary support from State agencies for their integration into civilian life.Power sharing→Political power sharing→Executive coalitionState levelPage 5, 7. The Government undertakes to appoint upon the recommendation of the resistance, a representative of the demobilized combatants to the Ministries dealing with ex-combatants and their families, namely the Ministries of Health, Agrarian Reform, Labour and others, and also to appoint two members to the Governing Council of the Nicaraguan Repatriation Institute.Power sharing→Political power sharing→Other proportionalityState levelPage 5, 7. The Government undertakes to appoint upon the recommendation of the resistance, a representative of the demobilized combatants to the Ministries dealing with ex-combatants and their families, namely the Ministries of Health, Agrarian Reform, Labour and others, and also to appoint two members to the Governing Council of the Nicaraguan Repatriation Institute.
- Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
- Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
- Military power sharing
No specific mention.
Human rights and equality
- Human rights/RoL general
No specific mention.
- Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
- Treaty incorporation
No specific mention.
- Civil and political rights
No specific mention.
- Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.
Rights related issues
- CitizenshipRights related issues→Citizenship→Citizens, specific rightsPage 4, 4. It [the Nicaraguan Government] undertakes to set up immediately a police force for internal order, in which former members of the resistance will participate, the main object of which shall be to safeguard the life and physical integrity of the citizens living in the development areas; It is also proposed that this police force should come under the organizational structure of the Ministry of the Interior. In addition, the United Nations or a friendly country shall be asked to provide technical advice on the professional training of the police force.
- Democracy
No specific mention.
- Detention procedures
No specific mention.
- Media and communication
No specific mention.
- Mobility/access
No specific mention.
- Protection measures
No specific mention.
- Other
No specific mention.
Rights institutions
- NHRI
No specific mention.
- Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.
Justice sector reform
- Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
- State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
- Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
- Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
- Traditional Laws
No specific mention.
Socio-economic reconstruction
- Development or socio-economic reconstruction
No specific mention.
- National economic plan
No specific mention.
- Natural resources
No specific mention.
- International funds
No specific mention.
- Business
No specific mention.
- Taxation
No specific mention.
- Banks
No specific mention.
Land, property and environment
- Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
- Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
- Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
- Environment
No specific mention.
- Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.
Security sector
- Security Guarantees
No specific mention.
- CeasefireSecurity sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision[Summary] The agreement in its entirety provides for implementation of earlier ceasefire agreements.
Page 1, 1.
The implementation of measures planned in connection with the "Commitment to guarantee the physical and moral integrity of the combatants of the Nicaraguan resistance, as a group and individually, their family members and the civilian population accompanying them" shall be facilitated as follows:... - PolicePage 4, 4. It [the Nicaraguan Government] undertakes to set up immediately a police force for internal order, in which former members of the resistance will participate, the main object of which shall be to safeguard the life and physical integrity of the citizens living in the development areas; It is also proposed that this police force should come under the organizational structure of the Ministry of the Interior. In addition, the United Nations or a friendly country shall be asked to provide technical advice on the professional training of the police force.
- Armed forces
No specific mention.
- DDRSecurity sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisionsPage 5, 5. It [The Government of Nicaragua] undertakes to create the proper security conditions in the demilitarised areas, to which end it is considered necessary to:
(a) Make arrangements to have the mandate of the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) enlarged;
(b) Have the Government provide supplementary assistance to each demobilized combatant leaving a security zone;
(c) Demilitarise each area of conflict;
(d) Continue collecting weapons in the hands of civilians in the areas of conflict.
Page 5, 6, It [The Government of Nicaragua] undertakes to guarantee the safety of ex-combatants who agree to demobilise and leave the security zones, settling in the development areas. The option of returning to their place of origin shall also be available for those who wish to do so. It is understood that anyone so opting shall, like any other citizen, assume the risks involved. - Intelligence services
No specific mention.
- Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces
No specific mention.
- Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
- Corruption
No specific mention.
- Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
- Drugs
No specific mention.
- Terrorism
No specific mention.
Transitional justice
- Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
- Amnesty/pardon
No specific mention.
- Courts
No specific mention.
- Mechanism
No specific mention.
- Prisoner release
No specific mention.
- Vetting
No specific mention.
- VictimsPage 4, 1.(d) the resistance is urged to submit immediately a list of widows and orphans, so that the Nicaraguan Social Security and Welfare institute can include them in its budget and they can receive the monthly pensions to which they are entitled.
- Missing persons
No specific mention.
- Reparations
No specific mention.
- Reconciliation
No specific mention.
Implementation
- UN signatory1.(d) UN to participate in Commission to ensure that the demobilized and their families are living in suitable conditions. 4. UN to be asked to assist in training local police force of demobilized resistance fighters. 5.(a) the mandate of the ONUCA is to be enlarged.
- Other international signatory
No specific mention.
- Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
- International mission/force/similar
No specific mention.
- Enforcement mechanismPage 4, 1.(c) a comission comprising members from the govt, the Nicaraguan resistance, the UN intl Support and Verification Commission (CIAV) and Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall be established to travel to Honduras and Costa Rica in order to make a thorough investigation of the living conditions of the families of the resistance combatants and take emergency measures to solve any problems that come to light.
Page 5, 5,
5. It undertakes to create the proper security conditions in the demilitarised areas, to which end it is considered necessary to
(a) Make arrangements to have the mandate of the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) enlarged; - Related casesPage 5, 10. In compliance with the Toacontin Agreement and its addendum, the resistance hereby ratifies its undertaking to demobilise and lay down its armt by 10 June 1990 at the latest. To that end, the resistance undertakes to demobilise at least 100 combatants each day in each zone as from this date. Furthermore, in honour of Mother's Day, a considerable number of the combatants of the Nicaraguan resistance shall be demobilised.
- SourceUN Peacemaker. Available at: https://peacemaker.un.org/nicaragua-managuaprotocol90 (Accessed 6 October 2020).
Managua protocol on disarmament
In the spirit of the Managua Declaration signed on 4 May 1990, the resistance, the Government of Nicaragua and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo have by these presents agreed as follows:
1. The implementation of measures planned in connection with the "Commitment to guarantee the physical and moral integrity of the combatants of the Nicaraguan resistance, as a group and individually, their family members and the civilian population accompanying them" shall be facilitated as follows:
(a) The seriously ill shall be moved immediately so that they may receive the necessary medical care in a Nicaraguan hospital;
(b) Disabled and wounded ex-combatants shall be given specialized care in Managua;
(c) A commission comprising members from the Government, the Nicaraguan resistance, the United Nations International Support and Verification Commission (CIAV) and His Eminence Miguel Cardinal Obando y Bravo shall be established to travel to Honduras and Costa Rica in order to make a thorough investigation of the living conditions of the families of the resistance combatants and take emergency measures to solve any problems that come to light;
(d) The resistance is urged to submit immediately a list of widows and orphans, so that the Nlcaraguan Social Security and Welfare Institute can include them in its budget and they can receive the monthly pensions to which they are entitled.
2. By agreement among the parties, the development area known as "El Almendro", described in the annexed document on the develofment areas, shall be established on the basis of the proposal made by the Government.
The series of steps required for its implementation and for the settlement of the demobilized combatants in the development areas shall begin as from today's date.
3. The Government of Nir.aragua undertakes to provide each demobilized combatant with minimal economic assistance.
4. It undertakes to set up immediately a police force for internal order, in which former members of the resistance will participate, the main object of which shall be to safeguard the life and physical integrity of the citizens living in the development areas~ It is also proposed that this police force should come under the organizational structure of the Ministry of the Interior.
In addition, the United Nations or a friendly country shall be asked to provide technical advice on the professional training of the police force.
5. It undertakes to create the proper securlty conditions in the demilitarised areas, to which end it is considered necessary to
(a) Make arrangement to have the mandate of the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) enlarged,
(b) Have the Government provide supplementary assistance to each demobilized combatant leaving a security zone,
(c) Demilitarise each area of conflict,
(d) Continue collecting weapon, in the hands of civiliaus in the area, of conflict.
6. It undertakes to guarantee the safety of ex-combatants who agree to demobilize and leave the aaaurity zones, settling in the development area,.
The option of returning to their place of origin shall also be available for those who wish to do so.
It is understood that anyone so opting shall, like any other citizen, assume the risks involved.
7. The Government undertakes to appoint upon the recommendation of the resistance, a representative of the demobiliaed combatants to the Ministries dealing with ex-combatants and their families, namely the Ministries of Health, Agrarian Reform, Labour and others, and also to appoint two members to the Governing Council of the Nicaraguan Repatriation Institute.
8. The Government of Nicaragua undertakes to allow the ex-combatants of the resistance who have settled in the development areas to participate in the local government, that is, within the development area.
In addition, the ex-combatants who return to their places of origin shall receive the necessary support from state agencies for their integration into civilian life.
9. The Managua Declaration is hereby ratified in each and every point, with particular emphasis on the provisions in rerpect of the possibility that the resistance may become a political party, thus allowing its full integration into the political life of the country.
10. In compliance with the Toacontin Agreement and its addendum, the resiatance hereby ratifies its undertaking to demobiliae and lay down its armr by 10 June 1990 at the latest.
To that end, the resistance undertakes to demobilize at least 100 combatants each day in each zone as from this date.
Furthermore, in honour of Mother's Day, a considerable number of the combatants of the Nicaraguan resistance shall be demobilized.
DONE at Managua on 30 May 1090.
(Signed) Violeta BARRIOS de CHAMORRO President of tha Republic
(Signed) Israel GALEANO Commander Franklin
(Signed) Miguel OBANDO y BRAVO Cardinal of Nicaragua