General Peace Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and Le Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) (Ziguinchor Agreement)
Export agreement coding (PDF)Country/entity
Senegal
CasamanceRegion
Africa (excl MENA)
Africa (excl MENA)Agreement name
General Peace Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and Le Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) (Ziguinchor Agreement)Date
30 Dec 2004Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreedInterim arrangement
YesAgreement/conflict level
Intrastate/intrastate conflict ( )Stage
Framework/substantive - partialConflict nature
Government/territoryPeace process
Casamance processParties
For the MFDC: Abbot Augustin Diamacoune SENGHOR
For the Republic of Senegal: Master Ousmane NGOM, Minister of Interior Department
Initialed by the President of the Republic Mr. S.E Master Abdoulaye WadeThird parties
-Description
This short framework agreement between the Government of Senegal and the MFDC covers a range of issues including DDR for MFDC combatants, and the depollution, demining and reconstruction of Casamance.
Agreement document
Groups
- Children/youth
No specific mention.
- Disabled persons
No specific mention.
- Elderly/age
No specific mention.
- Migrant workers
No specific mention.
- Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
- Religious groups
No specific mention.
- Indigenous people
No specific mention.
- Other groups
No specific mention.
- Refugees/displaced personsGroups→Refugees/displaced persons→RhetoricalPage 2, Article 4: REVIVAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, 2: The State commits to take all permissible measures to facilitate the return of the refugees and displaced persons to their homes and to provide the support necessary to their social reinsertion.
- Social class
No specific mention.
Gender
- Women, girls and gender
No specific mention.
- Men and boys
No specific mention.
- LGBTI
No specific mention.
- Family
No specific mention.
State definition
- Nature of state (general)
No specific mention.
- State configuration
No specific mention.
- Self determination
No specific mention.
- Referendum
No specific mention.
- State symbols
No specific mention.
- Independence/secession
No specific mention.
- Accession/unification
No specific mention.
- Border delimitation
No specific mention.
- Cross-border provision
No specific mention.
Governance
- Political institutions (new or reformed)
No specific mention.
- Elections
No specific mention.
- Electoral commission
No specific mention.
- Political parties reform
No specific mention.
- Civil societyPage 1, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 1: In order to monitor the peace process and to peacefully resolve the potential disputes which may occur, a Peace Agreement Supervisory Council (C.S.A.P.) composed of representatives of the State, MFDC, civil society and any other relevant organisation, shall be created. Only the interpretation of the provisions of the Peace agreement and the additional protocols, other than penal offences and litigations which are patently civil, fall within the competence of the Council. It will seize the initiative itself in order to prevent difficulties and can, in this manner, be called upon by any person or structure involved in the peace process and the reconstruction of Casamance.
Page 2, Article 4: REVIVAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, 1: The State urges the ANRAC to mobilize NGOs and Specialist companies in depollution, in partnership with the Army and the MFDC ex-combatants, to begin without delay the humanitarian demining of Casamance in order to facilitate the resumption of the economic activities. - Traditional/religious leadersPage 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 3: The Parties engage the Community of Casamance Leaders, the Casamance customary and religious notabilities, to foster a culture of forgiveness and reconciliation allowing the return and the reintegration of the MFDC ex-combatants in their villages of origin.
- Public administration
No specific mention.
- Constitution
No specific mention.
Power sharing
- Political power sharing
No specific mention.
- Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
- Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
- Military power sharing
No specific mention.
Human rights and equality
- Human rights/RoL generalPage 1, First Article: PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT AGREEMENT, 1: The law of amnesty having already come into effect, the State commits to ensure, in Casamance like everywhere else throughout the land, general safety and freedom of movement of people and goods, and to guarantee, in compliance with the Constitution, the exercise of fundamental freedoms, in particular those of thought and expression in order to promote political dialogue in the natural region of Casamance.
- Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
- Treaty incorporation
No specific mention.
- Civil and political rightsHuman rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Thought, opinion, conscience and religionPage 1, First Article: PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT AGREEMENT, 1: The law of amnesty having already come into effect, the State commits to ensure, in Casamance like everywhere else throughout the land, general safety and freedom of movement of people and goods, and to guarantee, in compliance with the Constitution, the exercise of fundamental freedoms, in particular those of thought and expression in order to promote political dialogue in the natural region of Casamance.
- Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.
Rights related issues
- Citizenship
No specific mention.
- Democracy
No specific mention.
- Detention procedures
No specific mention.
- Media and communication
No specific mention.
- Mobility/accessPage 1, First Article: PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT AGREEMENT, 1: The law of amnesty having already come into effect, the State commits to ensure, in Casamance like everywhere else throughout the land, general safety and freedom of movement of people and goods, and to guarantee, in compliance with the Constitution, the exercise of fundamental freedoms, in particular those of thought and expression in order to promote political dialogue in the natural region of Casamance.
- Protection measures
No specific mention.
- Other
No specific mention.
Rights institutions
- NHRI
No specific mention.
- Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.
Justice sector reform
- Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
- State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
- Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
- Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
- Traditional Laws
No specific mention.
Socio-economic reconstruction
- Development or socio-economic reconstructionSocio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic developmentPage 1, Preamble:...Convinced of the need to establish a climate of trust between the head representatives and determined move forward after two decades of mistrust; Reaffirming the pertinence of the frustrations felt by a section of the population of Casamance, and also the need for corrective action through the implementation of a development programme specific to this natural region;
Page 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 2: The Parties accept the principle of organizing, with the assistance of ANRAC, the necessary training to help the MFDC ex-combatants who wish to be financed for income-generation projects, in the sectors which interest them.
Page 2, Article 4: REVIVAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, 1: The State urges the ANRAC to mobilize NGOs and Specialist companies in depollution, in partnership with the Army and the MFDC ex-combatants, to begin without delay the humanitarian demining of Casamance in order to facilitate the resumption of the economic activities.
Page 2, Article 4: REVIVAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, 3: The State commits to ensure the reconstruction of Casamance as envisaged in the Agreement Protocol on the technical aspects of the peace process. - National economic plan
No specific mention.
- Natural resources
No specific mention.
- International funds
No specific mention.
- Business
No specific mention.
- Taxation
No specific mention.
- Banks
No specific mention.
Land, property and environment
- Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
- Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
- Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
- EnvironmentPage 2, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 4: The Parties will provide ANRAC with any information which is likely to facilitate the region’s depollution programme. Within this framework, the general modes of participation of each of the Parties in this specific section of the reconstruction appear in the Protocol agreement on the technical aspects of the peace process.
Page 2, Article 4: REVIVAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, 1: The State urges the ANRAC to mobilize NGOs and Specialist companies in depollution, in partnership with the Army and the MFDC ex-combatants, to begin without delay the humanitarian demining of Casamance in order to facilitate the resumption of the economic activities. - Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.
Security sector
- Security Guarantees
No specific mention.
- CeasefireSecurity sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provisionPage 1, First Article: PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT AGREEMENT, 2: The MFDC solemnly decide to definitively renounce armed conflict and the use of violence in conducting the political struggle which they believe they should guide.
Page 2, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 2: The Parties commit to establish a monitoring group comprised of Government representatives, soldiers, MFDC ex-combatants and representatives of the political wing of the MFDC. The group will be responsible for implementing the demobilization process for the military wing of the MFDC and the storage of their weapons under control of the ICRC, the RADDHO and the AJAC. - Police
No specific mention.
- Armed forces
No specific mention.
- DDRSecurity sector→DDR→DDR programmesPage 2, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 2: The Parties commit to establish a monitoring group comprised of Government representatives, soldiers, MFDC ex-combatants and representatives of the political wing of the MFDC. The group will be responsible for implementing the demobilization process for the military wing of the MFDC and the storage of their weapons under control of the ICRC, the RADDHO and the AJAC.
Page 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 1: The State of Senegal accepts, exceptionally, to integrate the MFDC ex-combatants into the paramilitary bodies, in accordance with the principle of voluntary service and the conditions in force.
Page 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 2: The Parties accept the principle of organizing, with the assistance of ANRAC, the necessary training to help the MFDC ex-combatants who wish to be financed for income-generation projects, in the sectors which interest them.
Page 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 3: The Parties engage the Community of Casamance Leaders, the Casamance customary and religious notabilities, to foster a culture of forgiveness and reconciliation allowing the return and the reintegration of the MFDC ex-combatants in their villages of origin. - Intelligence services
No specific mention.
- Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forcesPage 1, First Article: PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT AGREEMENT, 2: The MFDC solemnly decide to definitively renounce armed conflict and the use of violence in conducting the political struggle which they believe they should guide.
Page 2, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 2: The Parties commit to establish a monitoring group comprised of Government representatives, soldiers, MFDC ex-combatants and representatives of the political wing of the MFDC. The group will be responsible for implementing the demobilization process for the military wing of the MFDC and the storage of their weapons under control of the ICRC, the RADDHO and the AJAC.
Page 2, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 3: The MFDC commits to confine, disarm and demobilize its military component according to the procedures defined by the National agency for the Revival of Economic and social activities in Casamance (ANRAC).
Page 2, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 5: The Parties commit to immediately appoint delegates to the Conciliation committee which is tasked with starting direct negotiations without delay. The MFDC may be assisted by any relevant person whom they consider to be useful and necessary.
Page 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 1: The State of Senegal accepts, exceptionally, to integrate the MFDC ex-combatants into the paramilitary bodies, in accordance with the principle of voluntary service and the conditions in force.
Page 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 2: The Parties accept the principle of organizing, with the assistance of ANRAC, the necessary training to help the MFDC ex-combatants who wish to be financed for income-generation projects, in the sectors which interest them.
Page 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 3: The Parties engage the Community of Casamance Leaders, the Casamance customary and religious notabilities, to foster a culture of forgiveness and reconciliation allowing the return and the reintegration of the MFDC ex-combatants in their villages of origin. - Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
- Corruption
No specific mention.
- Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
- Drugs
No specific mention.
- Terrorism
No specific mention.
Transitional justice
- Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
- Amnesty/pardonTransitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon properPage 1, First Article: PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT AGREEMENT, 1: The law of amnesty having already come into effect, the State commits to ensure, in Casamance like everywhere else throughout the land, general safety and freedom of movement of people and goods, and to guarantee, in compliance with the Constitution, the exercise of fundamental freedoms, in particular those of thought and expression in order to promote political dialogue in the natural region of Casamance.
- Courts
No specific mention.
- Mechanism
No specific mention.
- Prisoner release
No specific mention.
- Vetting
No specific mention.
- Victims
No specific mention.
- Missing persons
No specific mention.
- Reparations
No specific mention.
- ReconciliationPage 2, Article 3: REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS, 3: The Parties engage the Community of Casamance Leaders, the Casamance customary and religious notabilities, to foster a culture of forgiveness and reconciliation allowing the return and the reintegration of the MFDC ex-combatants in their villages of origin.
Implementation
- UN signatory
No specific mention.
- Other international signatory
No specific mention.
- Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
- International mission/force/similar
No specific mention.
- Enforcement mechanismPage 1, Article 2: GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT, 1: In order to monitor the peace process and to peacefully resolve the potential disputes which may occur, a Peace Agreement Supervisory Council (C.S.A.P.) composed of representatives of the State, MFDC, civil society and any other relevant organisation, shall be created. Only the interpretation of the provisions of the Peace agreement and the additional protocols, other than penal offences and litigations which are patently civil, fall within the competence of the Council. It will seize the initiative itself in order to prevent difficulties and can, in this manner, be called upon by any person or structure involved in the peace process and the reconstruction of Casamance.
- Related cases
No specific mention.
- SourceJean Claude Marut (2010) Le Conflit de Casamance: ce que disent les armes, Paris: Editions Karthala
Ziguinchor Peace Agreement Between Government of Senegal and MFDC
(30 December 2004)
General Peace Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and Le Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC)
Preamble
The Government of the Republic of Senegal (referred to here as ‘the State’) and the Movement of the Democratic forces of Casamance (referred to here as ‘the MFDC’), both are referred to here as ‘the Parties’, in the presence of ambassadors from friendly States, representatives of regional, international, humanitarian and non-governmental organisations.
Conscious of the disastrous effects caused by more than twenty years of conflict and combat in Casamance, in particular the economic decline of the region, the suffering of the people along with the risks incurred due to the presence of anti-personnel mines;
Conscious of the reasons for the failure of the previous agreements and determined to consider these presently;
Convinced that a military solution to the conflict is worthless and that only a solemn commitment by the MFDC combatants backing Abbot Augustin Diamacoune Senghor can put an end to the hostilities;
Convinced of the need to establish a climate of trust between the head representatives and determined move forward after two decades of mistrust;
Reaffirming the pertinence of the frustrations felt by a section of the population of Casamance, and also the need for corrective action through the implementation of a development programme specific to this natural region;
Agree the following:
First Article:
PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT AGREEMENT
The law of amnesty having already come into effect, the State commits to ensure, in Casamance like everywhere else throughout the land, general safety and freedom of movement of people and goods, and to guarantee, in compliance with the Constitution, the exercise of fundamental freedoms, in particular those of thought and expression in order to promote political dialogue in the natural region of Casamance.
The MFDC solemnly decide to definitively renounce armed conflict and the use of violence in conducting the political struggle which they believe they should guide.
Article 2:
GUARANTEE AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE AGREEMENT
In order to monitor the peace process and to peacefully resolve the potential disputes which may occur, a Peace Agreement Supervisory Council (C.S.A.P.) composed of representatives of the State, MFDC, civil society and any other relevant organisation, shall be created.
Only the interpretation of the provisions of the Peace agreement and the additional protocols, other than penal offences and litigations which are patently civil, fall within the competence of the Council.
It will seize the initiative itself in order to prevent difficulties and can, in this manner, be called upon by any person or structure involved in the peace process and the reconstruction of Casamance.
The Parties commit to establish a monitoring group comprised of Government representatives, soldiers, MFDC ex-combatants and representatives of the political wing of the MFDC.
The group will be responsible for implementing the demobilization process for the military wing of the MFDC and the storage of their weapons under control of the ICRC, the RADDHO and the AJAC.
The MFDC commits to confine, disarm and demobilize its military component according to the procedures defined by the National agency for the Revival of Economic and social activities in Casamance (ANRAC).
The Parties will provide ANRAC with any information which is likely to facilitate the region’s depollution programme.
Within this framework, the general modes of participation of each of the Parties in this specific section of the reconstruction appear in the Protocol agreement on the technical aspects of the peace process.
The Parties commit to immediately appoint delegates to the Conciliation committee which is tasked with starting direct negotiations without delay.
The MFDC may be assisted by any relevant person whom they consider to be useful and necessary.
Article 3:
REINTEGRATION OF WAR VETERANS
The State of Senegal accepts, exceptionally, to integrate the MFDC ex-combatants into the paramilitary bodies, in accordance with the principle of voluntary service and the conditions in force.
The Parties accept the principle of organizing, with the assistance of ANRAC, the necessary training to help the MFDC ex-combatants who wish to be financed for income-generation projects, in the sectors which interest them.
The Parties engage the Community of Casamance Leaders, the Casamance customary and religious notabilities, to foster a culture of forgiveness and reconciliation allowing the return and the reintegration of the MFDC ex-combatants in their villages of origin.
Article 4:
REVIVAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
The State urges the ANRAC to mobilize NGOs and Specialist companies in depollution, in partnership with the Army and the MFDC ex-combatants, to begin without delay the humanitarian demining of Casamance in order to facilitate the resumption of the economic activities.
The State commits to take all permissible measures to facilitate the return of the refugees and displaced persons to their homes and to provide the support necessary to their social reinsertion.
The State commits to ensure the reconstruction of Casamance as envisaged in the Agreement Protocol on the technical aspects of the peace process.
Article 5:
FINAL PROVISIONS
This Agreement will enter into force on the date of its signature.
In witness whereof, the Parties signed it in two original copies.
Done at Ziguinchor, thirtieth December two thousand and four.
For the MFDC:
Abbot Augustin Diamacoune SENGHOR
For the Republic of Senegal:
Master Ousmane NGOM, Minister of Interior Department
Initialed by the President of the Republic Mr. S.E Master Abdoulaye Wade