Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the LJM for the Adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur

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Country/entity: Sudan
Darfur
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the LJM for the Adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur
Date: 14 Jul 2011
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Implementation/renegotiation
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Darfur-Sudan peace process
Parties: For the Government of the Republic of Sudan, Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani, Advisor to the President of the Republic;
For the Liberation and Justice Movement, Dr. Eltigani Seisi Mohamed Ateem, Chairman of the Liberation and Justice Movement;
Third parties: [Witnessed by:]
For the State of Qatar, H.E. Ahmed Bin Abdulla Al-Mahmoud, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Member of the Cabinet;
For the African Union and the United Nations, Prof. Ibrahim Gambari, Joint Special Representative;
H.E. Djibrill Yipene Bassole, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation of Burkina Faso;
Description: A short agreement reaffirming the parties commitment to the terms and provisions of the DDPD.

Agreement document: SD_110714_Agreement GoS LJM Adoption DDPD.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical
Page 1,
Affirming that the DDPD is the outcome of the wide participation of the people of Darfur and their representatives through the Doha Civil Society, IDPS and Refugees Consultative Forums I & II in November 2009 and July 2010 respectively, and the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference in May 2011, as well as the consultations that took place within Sudan, and particularly in Darfur.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 1,
Affirming that the DDPD is the outcome of the wide participation of the people of Darfur and their representatives through the Doha Civil Society, IDPS and Refugees Consultative Forums I & II in November 2009 and July 2010 respectively, and the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference in May 2011, as well as the consultations that took place within Sudan, and particularly in Darfur.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitution affirmation/renewal
Page 1,
Expressing their commitment to the Interim National Constitution of The Sudan and the principles enshrined therein;

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→General
Sub-state level
Page 2, Have agreed to the following:
Article 1: The Parties adopt the DDPD and all its annexes, which constitute an integral part thereof, namely the implementation modalities and timelines and the Protocol on the participation of the Liberation and Justice Movement at the different levels of power and the arrangements to integrate its forces through the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, as initialed by the two Parties and by the Mediation.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 1,
Affirming their commitment to a durable peaceful settlement on the basis of the DDPD, and to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms;
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: Page 2, Have agreed to the following:
Article 3: The Parties agree to settle any dispute or disagreement that may arise from the interpretation or the implementation of the present Agreement peacefully through dialogue, mutual understanding and direct negotiations. In case the Parties fail to agree, the matter shall be referred to the Constitutional Court, whose decision shall be binding.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1,
Reaffirming their profound commitment to achieving peace, security, and development in Darfur, and recognizing that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved military but only by a peaceful and inclusive political settlement;

Page 2,
Confirming that the DDPD addresses the concerns of the people of Darfur, and the root causes of the conflict and its consequences, and lays solid foundations for recovery, reconstruction and development in Darfur;
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction
Page 2,
Confirming that the DDPD addresses the concerns of the people of Darfur, and the root causes of the conflict and its consequences, and lays solid foundations for recovery, reconstruction and development in Darfur;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 2,
Calling upon the international community to firmly support the implementation of the DDPD, and to provide the necessary resources and expertise for this purpose;
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1,
Reaffirming their profound commitment to achieving peace, security, and development in Darfur, and recognizing that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved military but only by a peaceful and inclusive political settlement;

Page 1,
Expressing their full conviction that this agreement augurs well for the realization of the purposes and principles of United Nations Charter related to the maintenance of international peace and security;
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 2, Have agreed to the following:
Article 1: The Parties adopt the DDPD and all its annexes, which constitute an integral part thereof, namely the implementation modalities and timelines and the Protocol on the participation of the Liberation and Justice Movement at the different levels of power and the arrangements to integrate its forces through the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, as initialed by the two Parties and by the Mediation.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2,
Noting that the DDPD provides the opportunity for the armed Movements, which have participated in the Doha peace process to join in realization of and commitment to the principle of inclusiveness;

Page 2, Have agreed to the following:
Article 1: The Parties adopt the DDPD and all its annexes, which constitute an integral part thereof, namely the implementation modalities and timelines and the Protocol on the participation of the Liberation and Justice Movement at the different levels of power and the arrangements to integrate its forces through the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, as initialed by the two Parties and by the Mediation.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 1,
Reaffirming their profound commitment to achieving peace, security, and development in Darfur, and recognizing that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved military but only by a peaceful and inclusive political settlement;

Implementation

UN signatory: Joint Special Representative for the African Union and the United Nations signed as witness.
Other international signatory: [Witnessed by:]
For the State of Qatar, H.E. Ahmed Bin Abdulla Al-Mahmoud, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Member of the Cabinet;
H.E. Djibrill Yipene Bassole, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation of Burkino Faso;
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1,
Referring to the commitments of the international community towards the support and the consolidation of peace in Darfur;

Page 1,
Stressing the value and importance of the broad assistance and contribution of the African Union-United Nations Joint Mediation and the international partners;

Page 2,
Calling upon the international community to firmly support the implementation of the DDPD, and to provide the necessary resources and expertise for this purpose;

Page 2,
Expressing their deep appreciation and gratitude to the State of Qatar under the leadership of High Highess, Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar for the critical role of facilitating the Doha peace process;
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, Have agreed to the following:
Article 3: The Parties agree to settle any dispute or disagreement that may arise from the interpretation or the implementation of the present Agreement peacefully through dialogue, mutual understanding and direct negotiations. In case the Parties fail to agree, the matter shall be referred to the Constitutional Court, whose decision shall be binding.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker
http://peacemaker.un.org/
http://peacemaker.un.org/sudan-adoption-DDPD2011

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SUDAN AND THE LIBERATION AND JUSTICE MOVEMENT FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE DOHA DOCUMENT FOR PEACE IN DARFUR

The Government of The Sudan (GoS) and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM), hereinafter referred to as “the Parties”;

Referring to the Doha Darfur Peace Document (DDPD), as the outcome of an endeavor, for which the Parties to the negotiations, the Sudanese people in general, and the People of Darfur in particular, have persistently and diligently exerted their utmost efforts with a view to achieving just, durable, and comprehensive negotiated peace;

Expressing their commitment to the Interim National Constitution of The Sudan and the principles enshrined therein;

Expressing their full conviction that the DDPD is the basis for the settlement of the conflict in Darfur;

Affirming their commitment to a durable peaceful settlement on the basis of the DDPD, and to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms;

Reaffirming their profound commitment to achieving peace, security, and development in Darfur;

and recognizing that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved militarily but only by a peaceful and inclusive political settlement;

Expressing their full conviction that this agreement augurs well for the realization of the purposes and principles of United Nations Charter related to the maintenance of international peace and security;

Referring to the commitments of the international community towards the support and the consolidation of peace in Darfur;

Stressing the value and importance of the broad assistance and contribution of the African Union-United Nations Joint Mediation and the international partners;

Welcoming the support for the DDPD by the United Nations Secretary General, the United Nations Security Council, the African Union, the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the European Union and the international peace partners;

Affirming that the DDPD is the outcome of the wide participation of the people of Darfur and their representatives through the Doha Civil Society, IDPs and Refugees Consultative Forums I & II in November 2009 and July 2010 respectively, and the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference in May 2011, as well as the consultations that took place within Sudan, and particularly in Darfur;

Confirming that the DDPD addresses the concerns of the people of Darfur, and the root causes of the conflict and its consequences, and lays solid foundations for recovery, reconstruction and development in Darfur;

Noting that the DDPD provides the opportunity for the armed Movements, which have participated in the Doha peace process to join in realization of and commitment to the principle of inclusiveness;

Reiterating their commitment and resolve to fully implement the DDPD, and welcoming, in this connection, the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Commission (IFC);

Calling upon the international community to firmly support the implementation of the DDPD, and to provide the necessary resources and expertise for this purpose;

Expressing their deep appreciation and gratitude to the State of Qatar under the leadership of His Highness, Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar for the critical role of facilitating the Doha peace process;

Have agreed to the following:

Article 1:

The Parties adopt the DDPD and all its annexes, which constitute an integral part thereof, namely the implementation modalities and timelines and the Protocol on the participation of the Liberation and Justice Movement at the different levels of power and the arrangements to integrate its forces through the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, as initialed by the two Parties and by the Mediation.

Article 2:

The Parties undertake to implement each and every provision in the DDPD and all its annexes as referred to in article 1 above.

Article 3:

The Parties agree to settle any dispute or disagreement that may arise from the interpretation or the implementation of the present Agreement peacefully through dialogue, mutual understanding and direct negotiations.

In case the Parties fail to agree, the matter shall be referred to the Constitutional Court, whose decision shall be binding.

Article 4:

This Agreement shall enter into force upon its signing by the Parties.

Article 5:

In witness whereof the duly authorised representatives of the Parties have initialed the DDPD as attached and as the basis to this agreement, and signed this Agreement, in the presence of the witnesses hereunder.

Done in Doha, this 13th of Sha’baan, 1432 Hijri, being the 14th of July, 2011 A.D., in two original texts in the Arabic and English languages, both texts being equally authentic.

In case of discrepancies between the versions, the Arabic version shall prevail.

For the Government For the Liberation and Justice Movement

of The Republic of The Sudan

(GoS) (LJM)

Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani Dr. Eltigan Seisi Mohamed Ateem

Advisor to the President of the Republic Chairman of the Liberation and Justice Movement

Witnessed by:

For the State of Qatar For the African Union and the United Nations

H.E. Ahmed bin Abdulla Al-Mahmoud Prof. Ibrahim Gambari

Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Joint Special Representative

and Member of the Cabinet

H.E. Djibrill Yipènè Bassolé

Minister of Foreign Affairs and

Regional Cooperation of Burkina Faso