Accord politique de Libreville sur la résolution de la crise politico-sécuritaire en République Centrafricaine

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Country/entity: Central African Republic
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Accord politique de Libreville sur la résolution de la crise politico-sécuritaire en République Centrafricaine
Date: 11 Jan 2013
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Central African Republic Conflicts (1996 - )
The Central African Republic conflict is one of a set of regionally connected conflicts addressed by the African Great Lakes process. After the country gained independence from France in 1960 it has been ruled by a sequence of autocratic leaders that principally gained power through coups. Since the mid-1990s several waves of internal conflict took place in the Central African Republic, primarily along tribal, and later-on increasingly sectarian, lines. In 1996 and 1997, French troops and soldiers from neighbouring countries intervened to end a mutiny in the capital, Bangui, by factions of the army. The fighting was predominantly along tribal lines, with southern tribes in revolt against the ‘northern’ government. A UN mission was installed in 1998 to secure the truce.
After General Bozizé took control of the country after several coup attempts in 2003, a ‘bush war’ began led by armed opposition forces. From late 2006 onward, government troops with French military support severely weakened the rebels. Following this, a number of agreements were signed during 2007-2008, but not all factions have accepted them. In 2011, Bozizé was re-elected in supposedly fraudulent elections, which resulted in a new wave of uprisings. Séléka, an alliance of northern rebel groups, took over parts of the country and forced Bozizé to agree to a power-sharing deal. However, after this agreement broke down, Séléka took control of Bangui and Bozizé had to flee the country in 2013. Leader of Séléka, Michel Djotodia, took office and officially disbanded Séléka. However, continual violence between ex-Séléka groups and opposing militias, collectively known as ‘anti-balaka’, persisted and Djotodia was forced to resign less than a year later. Catherine Samba-Panza was installed as interim president until Faustin Archange Touadéra was elected in January 2016. In February 2019 an agreement was signed between the government and fourteen armed groups, including ex-Seleka groups, committed to disarmament. However, violence between ex-Seleka groups and anti-balaka continues.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: CAR: coups and rebellions process
Parties: For the Presidential Majority
- Jean WILLYBIRO SAKO

For the Democratic Opposition
- Nicolas TIANGAYE

For the politico-military combatant movements (CPJP, MLCJ, FDPC)
- Abdoulaye HISSEIN

For the SELEKA Coalition (CPJP, UFDR, UFR, CPSK)
- Michel DJOTODJIA

For the President of the Monitoring Committee

- Basile IKOUEBE, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Congo

For CEEAC
- Nassour GULLENGDOUKSIA OUAIDOU, Secretary General of CEEAC
Third parties: -
Description: This agreement provides for an immediate ceasefire and a cessation of all hostilities between the Central African Republic’s government and the SELEKA coalition within 72 hours. Issues covered include the abstention from media campaigns and aggressions against civilians. The agreement also contains provisions on humanitarian assistance, displaced persons, political prisoners, DDR and the establishment of an oversight commission, supervising the implementation of the ceasefire agreement.

Agreement document: CF_130111_AccordPolitiqueDeLibreville_tr.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): CF_130111_AccordPolitiqueDeLibreville.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 16
The administration and authority of the state must be re-established across the whole country.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutions
Page 1, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 1
The President of the Republic remains in post until the end of his mandate in 2016. He cannot contest another mandate.

Page 1, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 2
An inclusive Government of National Unity is instituted for a period of 12 months, which may be renewed.
The Government of National Unity is made up of members of:
- the presidential majority,
- the democratic opposition,
- the non-combatant politico-military movements,
- the SELEKA coalition
- civil society.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 3
The government cannot be dismissed by the President of the Republic for the period of the transition.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 5
The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:
- Restore peace and security,
- Organise the municipal elections planned to take place following the dissolution of the National Assembly,
- Reorganise the defence and security forces,
- Reform the judicial system,
- Implement the DDR and RSS process with the support and assistance of the international community,
- Implement economic and social reforms.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 6
Neither the Prime Minister nor other members of the Government may contest the next presidential election.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 7
The National Assembly will continue to exercise its rights until the next legislative elections.
To prevent any blocks to government business, all legal projects must be voted on by the National Assembly, and in particular those relating to the law on finances, the electoral code, and the reorganisation of the defence and security forces.

Page 2, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 8
The President is the guarantor of the security of people and property throughout the national territory.
Elections: Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 5
The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:
...
- Organise the municipal elections planned to take place following the dissolution of the National Assembly

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 6
Neither the Prime Minister nor other members of the Government may contest the next presidential election.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 7
The National Assembly will continue to exercise its rights until the next legislative elections.
To prevent any blocks to government business, all legal projects must be voted on by the National Assembly, and in particular those relating to the law on finances, the electoral code, and the reorganisation of the defence and security forces.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 2
An inclusive Government of National Unity is instituted for a period of 12 months, which may be renewed.
The Government of National Unity is made up of members of:
...
- civil society
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→Executive coalition
State level
Page 1, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 2
An inclusive Government of National Unity is instituted for a period of 12 months, which may be renewed.
The Government of National Unity is made up of members of:
- the presidential majority,
- the democratic opposition,
- the non-combatant politico-military movements,
- the SELEKA coalition
- civil society.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 3
The government cannot be dismissed by the President of the Republic for the period of the transition.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 4
The Government of National Unity is led by a Prime Minister, the Head of Government, a member of the opposition.

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 6
Neither the Prime Minister nor other members of the Government may contest the next presidential election
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 1, PREAMBLE
...
Determined to strengthen the rule of law, good political, economic and social governance and respect for human rights and basic liberties
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 5
The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:
...
- Reform the judicial system
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 5
The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:
...
- Implement economic and social reforms.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, PREAMBLE
...
Deeply concerned by the developing politico-security situation in the Central African Republic
Conscious of the need for a dialogue to establish a durable peace and security across the entire national territory

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 5
The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:
- Restore peace and security,
...
- Implement the DDR and SSR process with the support and assistance of the international community,

Page 2, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 8
The President is the guarantor of the security of people and property throughout the national territory.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 3, FINAL PROVISIONS, Article 19
The parties to the present agreement will desist from all measures of force in resolving their differences.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 5
The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:
...
- Reorganise the defence and security forces

Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 7
The National Assembly will continue to exercise its rights until the next legislative elections.
To prevent any blocks to government business, all legal projects must be voted on by the National Assembly, and in particular those relating to the law on finances, the electoral code, and the reorganisation of the defence and security forces.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 5
The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:
- Implement the DDR and RSS process with the support and assistance of the international community,

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 15
The militias shall be dissolved throughout the national territory.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 17
Armed elements shall be confined in mutually agreed locations, under the supervision of MICOPAX.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2, ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER, Article 2
An inclusive Government of National Unity is instituted for a period of 12 months, which may be renewed.
The Government of National Unity is made up of members of:
...
- the democratic opposition,
- the non-combatant politico-military movements,
- the SELEKA coalition

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 13
The SELEKA coalition forces undertake to withdraw from occupied towns and give up armed struggle.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 15
The militias shall be dissolved throughout the national territory.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 17
Armed elements shall be confined in mutually agreed locations, under the supervision of MICOPAX.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 18
The member states of CEEAC will work with the Government of the Central African Republic towards the progressive elimination of all non-community foreign troops in light of the evolving security situation in the country.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 14
The Government undertakes to release those persons arrested during the security crisis.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 10
The parties to this agreement express their common desire to work towards national reconciliation.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: NFor the President of the Monitoring Committee

- Basile IKOUEBE, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Congo

For CEEAC
- Nassour GULLENGDOUKSIA OUAIDOU, Secretary General of CEEAC
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Data not yet entered.
Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 11
A monitoring committee shall be established made up of CEEAC member states and international partner organisations, tasked with guaranteeing the implementation of the agreement.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 12
The president of the monitoring committee shall guarantee the good faith of the parties, supported by the CEEAC heads of state and the international community.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 17
Armed elements shall be confined in mutually agreed locations, under the supervision of MICOPAX.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 18
The member states of CEEAC will work with the Government of the Central African Republic towards the progressive elimination of all non-community foreign troops in light of the evolving security situation in the country.

Page 3, FINAL PROVISIONS, Article 20
In case of any litigation or disagreement arising during the implementation of this agreement, the parties will submit to arbitration by the Monitoring Committee and where necessary the conference of CEEAC Heads of State
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 9
The president of the monitoring committee, CEEAC, and MICOPAX, shall together ensure the collective and individual security of all actors.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 11
A monitoring committee shall be established made up of CEEAC member states and international partner organisations, tasked with guaranteeing the implementation of the agreement.

Page 3, ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS, Article 12
The president of the monitoring committee shall guarantee the good faith of the parties, supported by the CEEAC heads of state and the international community.

Page 3, FINAL PROVISIONS, Article 20
In case of any litigation or disagreement arising during the implementation of this agreement, the parties will submit to arbitration by the Monitoring Committee and where necessary the conference of CEEAC Heads of State
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/CF_130111_AccordPolitiqueDeLibreville.pdf

LIBREVILLE POLITICAL AGREEMENT ON RESOLVING THE POLITICO- SECURITY CRISIS IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

The parties to the negotiations designated below:

- The presidential majority,

- The democratic opposition,

- Non-combatant politico-military movements,

- The SELEKA coalition (UFDR, CPJD, CPSK, UFR)

Considering the relevant provisions of the United Nations Charter, the constitutional Act of the African Union, and the Peace and Security Council (COPAX) and CEFAX Protocol condemning the Government’s anti-constitutional changes, and the doctrine of shared African values;

Deeply concerned by the developing politico-security situation in the Central African Republic;

Conscious of the need for a dialogue to establish a durable peace and security across the entire national territory;

Building on the Libreville Global Peace Agreement of June 21, 2008, and the recommendations of the Political Inclusive Dialogue (DPI) of December 20, 2008;

Determined to strengthen the state of law, good political, economic and social governance and respect for human rights and basic liberties;

Agree to the following:

Title 1:

ON THE EXERCISE OF POWER

Article 1:

The President of the Republic remains in post until the end of his mandate in 2016.

He cannot contest another mandate.

Article 2:

An inclusive Government of National Unity is instituted for a period of 12 months, which may be renewed.

The Government of National Unity is made up of members of:

- the presidential majority,

- the democratic opposition,

- the non-combatant politico-military movements,

- the SELEKA coalition

- civil society.

Article 3:

The government cannot be dismissed by the President of the Republic for the period of the transition.

Article 4:

The Government of National Unity is led by a Prime Minister, the Head of Government, a member of the opposition.

Article 5:

The Government of National Unity is asked, in particular, to:

- Restore peace and security,

- Organise the municipal elections planned to take place following the dissolution of the National Assembly,

- Reorganise the defence and security forces,

- Reform the judicial system,

- Implement the DDR and RSS process with the support and assistance of the international community,

- Implement economic and social reforms.

Article 6:

Neither the Prime Minister nor other members of the Government may contest the next presidential election.

Article 7:

The National Assembly will continue to exercise its rights until the next legislative elections.

To prevent any blocks to government business, all legal projects must be voted on by the National Assembly, and in particular those relating to the law on finances, the electoral code, and the reorganisation of the defence and security forces.

TITLE II:

ON THE SECURITY OF THE ACTORS

Article 8:

The President is the guarantor of the security of people and property throughout the national territory.

Article 9:

The president of the monitoring committee, CEEAC, and MICOPAX, shall together ensure the collective and individual security of all actors.

Article 10:

The parties to this agreement express their common desire to work towards national reconciliation.

Article 11:

A monitoring committee shall be established made up of CEEAC member states and international partner organisations, tasked with guaranteeing the implementation of the agreement.

Article 12:

The president of the monitoring committee shall guarantee the good faith of the parties, supported by the CEEAC heads of state and the international community.

Article 13:

The SELKA coalition forces undertake to withdraw from occupied towns and give up armed struggle.

Article 14:

The Government undertakes to release those persons arrested during the security crisis.

Article 15:

The militias shall be dissolved throughout the national territory.

Article 16:

The administration and authority of the state must be re-established across the whole country.

Article 17:

Armed elements shall be confined in mutually agreed locations, under the supervision of MICOPAX.

Article 18:

The member states of CEEAC will work with the Government of the Central African Republic towards the progressive elimination of all non-community foreign troops in light of the evolving security situation in the country.

TITLE:

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 19:

The parties to the present agreement will desist from all measures of force in resolving their differences.

Article 20:

In case of any litigation or disagreement arising during the implementation of this agreement, the parties will submit to arbitration by the Monitoring Committee and where necessary the conference of CEEAC Heads of State,

Article 21:

The present agreement enters in to force from the date of signature.

Done in Libreville, January 11, 2013

Signatures