Country/entity

Sudan
Darfur

Region

Africa (excl MENA)

Agreement name

Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement-Sudan on the Basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur

Date

6 Apr 2013

Agreement status

Multiparty signed/agreed

Interim arrangement

Yes

Agreement/conflict level

Intrastate/intrastate conflict

Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )

Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.

Close

Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )

Stage

Implementation/renegotiation

Conflict nature

Government/territory

Peace process

Darfur-Sudan peace process

Parties

For the Government of Sudan: Dr. Amin Hassan Omar, Minister of State in the Presidency;
For the Justice and Equality Movement-Sudan: Mr. Mohammad Bashar Ahmad, President;

Third parties

Witnessed by: For the State of Qatar: H.E. Ahmad bin Abdallah Al Mahmoud, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs; For the AU-UN Mediation: H.E. Aichatou S. Mindaoudou, Deputy Joint Special Representative (Politcial); Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Joint Special Representative

Description

An agreement by the Parties that is based on the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in which the parties adopt the DDPD and all of its annexes as integral part of this agreement. Furthermore, the agreement provides for human rights and fundamental freedoms, power sharing, wealth sharing, compensation and return of IDPs and refugees, security arrangements and a permanent ceasefire.

Agreement document

SD_130406_Sudan-JEMS Basis DDPD.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth

Groups→Children/youth→Substantive

Page 8, WEALTH SHARING, Article 15: Social Welfare Fund
40. The Parties agree to establish a Social Welfare Fund under the DRA with the following objectives:
...iii. Assist women, orphans, and people with special needs.

Disabled persons

Groups→Disabled persons→Substantive

Page 8, WEALTH SHARING, Article 15: Social Welfare Fund
40. The Parties agree to establish a Social Welfare Fund under the DRA with the following objectives:
...iii. Assist women, orphans, and people with special needs.

Page 12, PERMANENT CEASEFIRE AND FINAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS,Article 32: Rights of JEM
...67. Families of fallen combatants, as well as disabled and sick combatants from JEM shall, in addition to benefits from the DDR programs, draw special benefits from the Micro Finance Institution and the Social Welfare Fund as provided for in Articles 14 and 15 of this Agreement. Sick former combatants shall be entitled to medical treatment.

Elderly/age

No specific mention.

Migrant workers

No specific mention.

Racial/ethnic/national group

No specific mention.

Religious groups

No specific mention.

Indigenous people

No specific mention.

Other groups

No specific mention.

Refugees/displaced persons

Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical

Page 5, Article 10: General Principles
21. Special attention shall be paid to displaced people, refugees and all victims of the conflict including through the creation of a conductive environment enabling them to return voluntarily, in safety and dignity, to their places of origin or choice.

Page 7, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
36. The small producers referred to in paragraph 131 of Article 19 of the DDPD, shall include returning IDPs, refugees and all the victims of the conflict

Page 8, Article 16: General Principle
42. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the general principles enumerated in the DDPD, which shall guide the achievement of durable solutions for the IDPs and refugees, as well as all other victims of the conflict.

Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive

Page 8, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
37. GOS shall, through the Central Bank, encourage commercial banks to allocate part of their financing portfolio to micro financing. Priority shall be given to applicants from Darfur States, in particular the IDPs, returnees, victims of the conflict and former combatants.

Page 9, Article 17: Compensation and Durable solution
43. The Parties shall expeditiously take measures to commence the payment of compensation to returning IDPs, refugees as well as all other victims of the conflict, in accordance with relevant paragraphs of Articles 43, 52 and 57 of the DDPD.
44. GOS and the DRA shall, upon the signing of this Agreement, empower the VRRC to enable it to start implementing its mandate as stipulated in the DDPD. GOS shall, in this regard, immediately allocate funds for the VRRC to commence payment of the lump sum of $250.00 to returning families as part of the return package provided for in the DDPD.
45. GOS shall assist in erecting fixed shelters in the return villages for IDPs and refugees and shall also mobilize necessary support from the international community, as well as development and other organizations to this effect.
46. Returning refugees shall be exempt from customs duties, tariffs, and any other such levies on their personal effects, in accordance with International Law.

Page 9, Article 18: Personal Documentation
47. GOS shall issue, free of charge, personal documents to returning IDPs, refugees and all victims of the conflict who may have lost them.

Page 9, Article 19: Family Reunification
48. In coordinating and cooperating with humanitarian organisations engaged in family tracing and assisting in family reunification, the VRRC may establish such committees as it deems necessary to ensure smooth reunion processes.

Social class

No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender

Page 7, Article 13: Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council
31. By virtue of this Agreement, a Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council (DHNDC) shall be established under the DRA, with the strategic objective of creating an enabling environment to promote the activities of herders and nomads in order to contribute to economic growth, peaceful coexistence and stability in Darfur. The Council shall undertake the following functions:
...
iii. Address the specific needs of nomad women and empower them including through nomadic education

Page 8, Article 15: Social Welfare Fund
40. The Parties agree to establish a Social Welfare Fund under the DRA with the following objectives:
...
iii. Assist women, orphans, and people with special needs.

Men and boys

No specific mention.

LGBTI

No specific mention.

Family

Page 8, Article 15: Social Welfare Fund
40. The Parties agree to establish a Social Welfare Fund under the DRA with the following objectives:
i. Address social problems of the people in need and all victims of the conflict including families of those who lost their lives in it.

Page 12, Article 32: Rights of JEM
67. Families of fallen combatants, as well as disabled and sick combatants from JEM shall, in addition to benefits from the DDR programs, draw special benefits from the Micro Finance Institution and the Social Welfare Fund as provided for in Articles 14 and 15 of this Agreement. Sick former combatants shall be entitled to medical treatment.

Page 9, Article 17: Compensation and Durable solution
44. GOS and the DRA shall, upon the signing of this Agreement, empower the VRRC to enable it to start implementing its mandate as stipulated in the DDPD. GOS shall, in this regard, immediately allocate funds for the VRRC to commence payment of the lump sum of $250.00 to returning families as part of the return package provided for in the DDPD.

Page 9, Article 19: Family Reunification
48. In coordinating and cooperating with humanitarian organisations engaged in family tracing and assisting in family reunification, the VRRC may establish such committees as it deems necessary to ensure smooth reunion processes.

State definition

Nature of state (general)

No specific mention.

State configuration

No specific mention.

Self determination

No specific mention.

Referendum

No specific mention.

State symbols

No specific mention.

Independence/secession

No specific mention.

Accession/unification

No specific mention.

Border delimitation

No specific mention.

Cross-border provision

No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed)

No specific mention.

Elections

No specific mention.

Electoral commission

No specific mention.

Political parties reform

No specific mention.

Civil society

Page 2, Preamble
...Further Welcoming the concrete support of the international community towards peace process and the protection of civilians, development and reconstruction, as well as economic recovery in Darfur, manifest in the work of the African Union United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations country team and other relevant agencies, as well as in the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) and the contributions made to the Muti-Donor Trust Fund through the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha;

Page 4, Article 6. Armed Forces and Other Regular Forces
12. A follow-up committee composed of GOS and relevant bodies shall be established to ensure the timely implementation of the provisions contained in paragraphs 57 and 58 of the DDPD related to the representation of the people of Darfur in the Sudanese Armed Forces, military academies and other regular forces.

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
14. JEM shall take all necessary measures to transform itself into a political party in accordance with the existing legal arrangements.

Page 6, Article 12: Reconstruction and Development
27. Further to paragraph 212 of the DDPD, the Parties shall ensure that the benefits to the local communities affected by the development and exploitation of natural resources, including the employment of local residents and the provision of social services, are incorporated in all contracts to be concluded with investors and development partners in Darfur.

Page 8, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
38. Priority in providing micro-financing shall be given to grass-roots productive and service associations and those with urgent needs, according to the regulations and procedures specified by the established micro-finance institution.

Page 8, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
39. The productive associations, especially agricultural and animal production associations and the grassroots productive and service associations, may be transformed into micro-finance institutions subject to fulfilling the Central Bank requirements.

Page 9, Article 19: Family Reunification
48. In coordinating and cooperating with humanitarian organisations engaged in family tracing and assisting in family reunification, the VRRC may establish such committees as it deems necessary to ensure smooth reunion processes.

Traditional/religious leaders

Page 10, Article 22: Native Administration
52. The Native Administration shall be strengthened through training and capacity building to enable it to effectively and efficiently perform its social and reconciliatory role in an impartial manner.
53. Leaders of the Native Administration shall be selected strictly in accordance with established tribal custom and tradition.

Public administration

Page 4, Article 5. The National Civil Service
10. The recommendations of the Panel of Experts made pursuant to paragraph 51 of Article 7 of the DDPD shall be urgently implemented by GOS in collaboration with the relevant bodies, including the DRA.
11. Affirmative action related to the training and recruitment of people from Darfur into the national civil service, as provided for in paragraph 54 (i-iv) of the DDPD shall be implemented after the signing of this Agreement according to the agreed implementation timelines.

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
16. GOS, in collaboration with DRA, shall, within the stipulated time in the DDPD, ensure that all provisions on affirmative action aimed at redressing imbalance, and those related to adequate representation of the citizens of Darfur in the civil service, State institutions, are fully implemented.

Page 5, Article 9: DRA Staff
18. After the end of the DRA's tenure, the staff thereof, except those on fixed contract appointments, shall be reabsorbed into the Federal and Darfur State Governments' services as appropriate.

Page 5, Article 10: General Principles
19. The economy shall be built to, among other objectives, ensure poverty mitigation and social justice, as well as address administrative imbalance that led to uneven infrastructural development and distribution of wealth in Darfur;

Page 10, Article 22: Native Administration
52. The Native Administration shall be strengthened through training and capacity building to enable it to effectively and efficiently perform its social and reconciliatory role in an impartial manner.
53. Leaders of the Native Administration shall be selected strictly in accordance with established tribal custom and tradition.

Constitution

Governance→Constitution→Constitution affirmation/renewal

Page 1, Preamble
...Reiterating their commitment to the Interim National Constitution of Sudan and the principles enshrined therein;

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
6. GOS shall review all laws and regulations and shall repeal those found to be in contravention with any provision of the National Constitution of Sudan.;

Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/making

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
15. JEM shall participate, through adequate representation, in the forthcoming constitutional review process for the drafting of the Permanent Constitution of the Republic of Sudan.

Page 12, Final Provision
69. This Agreement is an integral part of the DDPD and shall, therefore, have constitutional status in accordance with paragraph 487 thereof.

Power sharing

Political power sharing

Power sharing→Political power sharing→General

State level

Sub-state level

Page 3, Article 3. General Principles and Criteria for Power Sharing
8. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the general principles and criteria enumerated in the DDPD, upon which power sharing shall be based.

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
13. JEM shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Protocol on the Participation of the Justice and Equality Movement-Sudan at the Different Levels of Government and on the Integration of its Forces, referred to in Article 1, participate in all the tiers of Government at the national level, the Darfur States level and the locality level, as well as in both organs of the DRA.

Power sharing→Political power sharing→Other proportionality

State level

Sub-state level

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
16. GOS, in collaboration with DRA, shall, within the stipulated time in the DDPD, ensure that all provisions on affirmative action aimed at redressing imbalance, and those related to adequate representation of the citizens of Darfur in the civil service, State institutions, are fully implemented.

Territorial power sharing

Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Local/municipal government

Page 7, Article 13: Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council
31. By virtue of this Agreement, a Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council (DHNDC) shall be established under the DRA, with the strategic objective of creating an enabling environment to promote the activities of herders and nomads in order to contribute to economic growth, peaceful coexistence and stability in Darfur. The Council shall undertake the following functions:
i. Coordinate with the competent authorities to open nomadic routes in Darfur States.
ii. Improve production environment and promote animal exports.
iii. Address the specific needs of nomad women and empower them including through nomadic education
iv. Disseminate the culture of peace and peaceful coexistence between herders and farmers.
v. Promote the provision of basic services for herders and nomads in Darfur.
vi. Promote the concept of modern herding in Darfur.

Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Other

Article 9: DRA Staff
18. After the end of the DRA's tenure, the staff thereof, except those on fixed contract appointments, shall be reabsorbed into the Federal and Darfur State Governments' services as appropriate.

Economic power sharing

Power sharing→Economic power sharing→Sharing of resources

32. GOS shall source an initial payment of US $20,000,000 (twenty million US dollars) in funding to the Council. Another sum of US $30,000,000 (thirty million dollars US dollars) shall be sourced by GOS within a period not exceeding one year after the first instalment.

Military power sharing

Power sharing→Military power sharing→Proportionality

Page 4, Article 6: Armed Forces and Other Regular Forces
12. A follow-up committee composed of GOS and relevant bodies shall be established to ensure the timely implementation of the provisions contained in paragraphs 57 and 58 of the DDPD related to the representation of the people of Darfur in the Sudanese Armed Forces, military academies and other regular forces.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general

Page 1, Preamble
...Recalling the relevant paragraphs of Security Council resolutions 2003(2011), 2035(2012), 2063(2012) and 2091(2013) in which the Council invariably welcomes "the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur as an important step forward in the African Union (AU)-United Nations (UN) Darfur Peace Process"; "reiterates its full support for efforts to reach a comprehensive and inclusive solution to the conflict in Darfur"; "demands that all parties to the conflict, including in particular all the non-signatory armed groups engage immediately and without preconditions to make every efforts to reach a permanent ceasefire and comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace in the region"; stresses "the necessity articulated in the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur that all parties to the armed conflict in Darfur shall fully and unconditionally accept their obligations under international humanitarian law, international human rights law and relevant Security Council resolutions"; and "urges (the DDPD parties) to deliver on the commitment made in the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur";

Page 2, Preamble
...Affirming their commitment to a durable settlement of the conflict on the basis of the DDPD and to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms;

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
3. The Parties shall protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of all citizens of Sudan including Darfur, and shall fulfil their obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian law.

Page 9, Article 20: General Principles
49. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the general principles enumerated in the DDPD, upon which justice and reconciliation shall be based.

Bill of rights/similar

No specific mention.

Treaty incorporation

Page 1, Preamble
...Recalling the relevant paragraphs of Security Council resolutions 2003(2011), 2035(2012), 2063(2012) and 2091(2013) in which the Council invariably welcomes "the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur as an important step forward in the African Union (AU)-United Nations (UN) Darfur Peace Process"; "reiterates its full support for efforts to reach a comprehensive and inclusive solution to the conflict in Darfur"; "demands that all parties to the conflict, including in particular all the non-signatory armed groups engage immediately and without preconditions to make every efforts to reach a permanent ceasefire and comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace in the region"; stresses "the necessity articulated in the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur that all parties to the armed conflict in Darfur shall fully and unconditionally accept their obligations under international humanitarian law, international human rights law and relevant Security Council resolutions"; and "urges (the DDPD parties) to deliver on the commitment made in the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur";

Page 2, Preamble
...Expressing their full conviction that this Agreement augurs well for the realization of the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and the African Union Constitutive Act related to the maintenance of peace and security, and Acknowledging, in this regard, the value and importance of the broad assistance and contribution of the African Union-United Nations Joint Mediation and international partners;

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
3. The Parties shall protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of all citizens of Sudan including Darfur, and shall fulfil their obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian law.

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
7. GOS shall take urgent steps to fully empower the National Human Rights Commission and to ensure that its composition and functioning are in accordance with the Paris Principles;

Page 9, Article 17: Compensation and Durable solution
46. Returning refugees shall be exempt from customs duties, tariffs, and any other such levies on their personal effects, in accordance with International Law.

Civil and political rights

No specific mention.

Socio-economic rights

No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship

No specific mention.

Democracy

No specific mention.

Detention procedures

No specific mention.

Media and communication

No specific mention.

Mobility/access

No specific mention.

Protection measures

No specific mention.

Other

No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI

Rights institutions→NHRI→Mentions of NHRI

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
7. GOS shall take urgent steps to fully empower the National Human Rights Commission and to ensure that its composition and functioning are in accordance with the Paris Principles;

Regional or international human rights institutions

No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law

Justice sector reform→Criminal justice and emergency law→Reform to specific laws

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
5. Within one year after the signing of this Agreement, GOS shall, in collaboration with the Darfur Regional Authority (DRA), review the security situation in Darfur with a view to lifting the state of emergency if the situation warrants.

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
6. GOS shall review all laws and regulations and shall repeal those found to be in contravention with any provision of the National Constitution of Sudan.;

State of emergency provisions

Page 3, Human rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 2, Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
5. Within one year after the signing of this Agreement, GOS shall, in collaboration with the Darfur Regional Authority (DRA), review the security situation in Darfur with a view to lifting the state of emergency if the situation warrants.

Judiciary and courts

Page 3, Article 4. The National Judiciary
9. The recommendations of the Panel of Experts made pursuant to paragraph 46 of Article 6 of the DDPD shall be urgently implemented by GOS in collaboration with the relevant bodies.

Page 10, Article 21: National Judicial System
51. No special/extraordinary courts other than the Special Court for Darfur provided for in Article 59 of the DDPD shall be established because of the conflict in Darfur. Any such existing court shall be closed.

Page 10, Article 23: The Special Court for Darfur
54. GOS shall assign and empower a special unit to provide adequate protection to the Special Court for Darfur.
55. The observer role of the AU and UN experts for the Special Court shall also cover the functioning of the Office of the Prosecutor for Darfur.

Prisons and detention

No specific mention.

Traditional Laws

No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction

Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development

Page 2, Preamble
...Further Welcoming the concrete support of the international community towards peace process and the protection of civilians, development and reconstruction, as well as economic recovery in Darfur, manifest in the work of the African Union United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations country team and other relevant agencies, as well as in the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) and the contributions made to the Muti-Donor Trust Fund through the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha;

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
4. GOS shall, in accordance with relevant provisions of the DDPD, promote general welfare and economic growth in Darfur through the provision of basic services and infrastructure including water, education, health, electricity and roads as well as enhanced livelihoods.

Page 5, Article 8: Assistance to Students in Need
17. By virtue of this Agreement, the Ministry of Higher Education shall instruct public universities to establish committees to consider exempting needy students, in particular those from Darfur states, from the payment of education fees. The DRA shall establish a follow-up mechanism in this regard.

Page 5, Article 10: General Principles
19. The economy shall be built to, among other objectives, ensure poverty mitigation and social justice, as well as address administrative imbalance that led to uneven infrastructural development and distribution of wealth in Darfur;

Page 5, Article 10: General Principles
20. The national economic policy shall promote even development in all parts of Sudan, and shall give priority to sections of the country, including Darfur, that are most disadvantaged because of the conflict and historical injustice

Page 5, Article 10: General Principles
22. The development of human resources including equal opportunities to free education shall form part of the economic and social development policies.

Page 6, Article 10: General Principles
23. The people of Darfur shall benefit from the promotion and improvement of decent and dignified living conditions.

Page 6, Article 11: Payments of Seed Money by GOS
24. GOS undertakes to pay the entire amount of the seed money for Darfur reconstruction and development as provided for in the DDPD during the period of implementation of the development plan approved by the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha in accordance with DDPD timelines.

Page 6, Article 11: Payments of Seed Money by GOS
25. GOS and the DRA, in collaboration with international development partners shall assess the performance of the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Program after six years. In case Darfur states fail to achieve the average development rate in Sudan, GOS shall, in consultation with development partners, come up with a strategy to meet the remaining reconstruction and development needs. GOS shall, in this regard, allocate additional financial resources.

Page 7, Article 13: Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council
31. By virtue of this Agreement, a Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council (DHNDC) shall be established under the DRA, with the strategic objective of creating an enabling environment to promote the activities of herders and nomads in order to contribute to economic growth, peaceful coexistence and stability in Darfur. The Council shall undertake the following functions:
i. Coordinate with the competent authorities to open nomadic routes in Darfur States.
ii. Improve production environment and promote animal exports.
iii. Address the specific needs of nomad women and empower them including through nomadic education
iv. Disseminate the culture of peace and peaceful coexistence between herders and farmers.
v. Promote the provision of basic services for herders and nomads in Darfur.
vi. Promote the concept of modern herding in Darfur.

Page 7, Article 13: Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council
31. GOS shall source an initial payment of US $20,000,000 (twenty million US dollars) in funding to the Council. Another sum of US $30,000,000 (thirty million dollars US dollars) shall be sourced by GOS within a period not exceeding one year after the first instalment

Page 8, Article 15: Social Welfare Fund
40. The Parties agree to establish a Social Welfare Fund under the DRA with the following objectives:
i. Address social problems of the people in need and all victims of the conflict including families of those who lost their lives in it.
ii. Initiate and implement social programs and projects.
iii. Assist women, orphans, and people with special needs.

Page 8, Article 15: Social Welfare Fund
41. GOS shall source for a funding of not less than US $50,000,000 (fifty million US dollars) for the Social Welfare Fund to carry out its activities.

Page 9, Article 17: Compensation and Durable solution
43. The Parties shall expeditiously take measures to commence the payment of compensation to returning IDPs, refugees as well as all other victims of the conflict, in accordance with relevant paragraphs of Articles 43, 52 and 57 of the DDPD.
44. GOS and the DRA shall, upon the signing of this Agreement, empower the VRRC to enable it to start implementing its mandate as stipulated in the DDPD. GOS shall, in this regard, immediately allocate funds for the VRRC to commence payment of the lump sum of $250.00 to returning families as part of the return package provided for in the DDPD.
45. GOS shall assist in erecting fixed shelters in the return villages for IDPs and refugees and shall also mobilize necessary support from the international community, as well as development and other organizations to this effect.

Page 12, Article 32: Rights of JEM
67. Families of fallen combatants, as well as disabled and sick combatants from JEM shall, in addition to benefits from the DDR programs, draw special benefits from the Micro Finance Institution and the Social Welfare Fund as provided for in Articles 14 and 15 of this Agreement. Sick former combatants shall be entitled to medical treatment.

Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction

Page 2, Preamble
...Further Welcoming the concrete support of the international community towards peace process and the protection of civilians, development and reconstruction, as well as economic recovery in Darfur, manifest in the work of the African Union United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations country team and other relevant agencies, as well as in the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) and the contributions made to the Muti-Donor Trust Fund through the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha;

Page 3, Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
4. GOS shall, in accordance with relevant provisions of the DDPD, promote general welfare and economic growth in Darfur through the provision of basic services and infrastructure including water, education, health, electricity and roads as well as enhanced livelihoods.

Page 5, Article 10: General Principles
19. The economy shall be built to, among other objectives, ensure poverty mitigation and social justice, as well as address administrative imbalance that led to uneven infrastructural development and distribution of wealth in Darfur;

Page 6, Article 11: Payments of Seed Money by GOS
25. GOS and the DRA, in collaboration with international development partners shall assess the performance of the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Program after six years. In case Darfur states fail to achieve the average development rate in Sudan, GOS shall, in consultation with development partners, come up with a strategy to meet the remaining reconstruction and development needs. GOS shall, in this regard, allocate additional financial resources.

Page 6, Article 12: Reconstruction and Development
29. GOS shall comprehensively execute the Western Ingaz Highway project within a period not exceeding two years after the signing of this Agreement.

Page 6, Article 12: Reconstruction and Development
30. Darfur States shall be connected to the national electricity network within a period not exceeding three years after the signing of this agreement.

National economic plan

Page 5, Article 10: General Principles
20. The national economic policy shall promote even development in all parts of Sudan, and shall give priority to sections of the country, including Darfur, that are most disadvantaged because of the conflict and historical injustice

Page 6, Article 11: Payments of Seed Money by GOS
24. GOS undertakes to pay the entire amount of the seed money for Darfur reconstruction and development as provided for in the DDPD during the period of implementation of the development plan approved by the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha in accordance with DDPD timelines.

Page 6, Article 12: Reconstruction and Development
28. Without prejudice to the national privatization policy, GOS shall give priority to the establishment of heavy and manufacturing industries in Darfur, and shall, in this regard, encourage and promote private sector investment.

Natural resources

Page 6, Article 12: Reconstruction and Development
27. Further to paragraph 212 of the DDPD, the Parties shall ensure that the benefits to the local communities affected by the development and exploitation of natural resources, including the employment of local residents and the provision of social services, are incorporated in all contracts to be concluded with investors and development partners in Darfur.

International funds

Page 2, Preamble
...Further Welcoming the concrete support of the international community towards peace process and the protection of civilians, development and reconstruction, as well as economic recovery in Darfur, manifest in the work of the African Union United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations country team and other relevant agencies, as well as in the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) and the contributions made to the Muti-Donor Trust Fund through the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha;

Page 6, Article 11: Payments of Seed Money by GOS
24. GOS undertakes to pay the entire amount of the seed money for Darfur reconstruction and development as provided for in the DDPD during the period of implementation of the development plan approved by the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha in accordance with DDPD timelines.

Page 9, Article 17: Compensation and Durable solution
44. GOS and the DRA shall, upon the signing of this Agreement, empower the VRRC to enable it to start implementing its mandate as stipulated in the DDPD. GOS shall, in this regard, immediately allocate funds for the VRRC to commence payment of the lump sum of $250.00 to returning families as part of the return package provided for in the DDPD.
45. GOS shall assist in erecting fixed shelters in the return villages for IDPs and refugees and shall also mobilize necessary support from the international community, as well as development and other organizations to this effect.

Page 10, Article 22: Native Administration
52. The Native Administration shall be strengthened through training and capacity building to enable it to effectively and efficiently perform its social and reconciliatory role in an impartial manner.

Business

Page 6, Article 12: Reconstruction and Development
27. Further to paragraph 212 of the DDPD, the Parties shall ensure that the benefits to the local communities affected by the development and exploitation of natural resources, including the employment of local residents and the provision of social services, are incorporated in all contracts to be concluded with investors and development partners in Darfur.

Page 8, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
38. Priority in providing micro-financing shall be given to grass-roots productive and service associations and those with urgent needs, according to the regulations and procedures specified by the established micro-finance institution.
39. The productive associations, especially agricultural and animal production associations and the grassroots productive and service associations, may be transformed into micro-finance institutions subject to fulfilling the Central Bank requirements.

Taxation

Socio-economic reconstruction→Taxation→Reform of taxation

Page 9, Article 17: Compensation and Durable solution
46. Returning refugees shall be exempt from customs duties, tariffs, and any other such levies on their personal effects, in accordance with International Law;

Banks

Socio-economic reconstruction→Banks→Personal or commercial banking

Page 7, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
33. The Parties agree to expeditiously establish a micro-finance system in Darfur, as provided for in the DDPD, and to develop it into a viable financing institution
34. Without prejudice to their rightful entitlements from the DDR process, a minimum of 5% of the established institution's financing portfolio in Darfur shall be allocated to the demobilized combatants of all the signatory movements, including JEM
35. Without prejudice to paragraph 136 of the DDPD, GOS and the DRA shall mandate the institution to develop its internal regulations and procedures.
36. The small producers referred to in paragraph 131 of Article 19 of the DDPD, shall include returning IDPs, refugees and all the victims of the conflict

Page 8, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
37. GOS shall, through the Central Bank, encourage commercial banks to allocate part of their financing portfolio to micro financing. Priority shall be given to applicants from Darfur States, in particular the IDPs, returnees, victims of the conflict and former combatants.
38. Priority in providing micro-financing shall be given to grass-roots productive and service associations and those with urgent needs, according to the regulations and procedures specified by the established micro-finance institution.
39. The productive associations, especially agricultural and animal production associations and the grassroots productive and service associations, may be transformed into micro-finance institutions subject to fulfilling the Central Bank requirements.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights

No specific mention.

Pastoralist/nomadism rights

Page 7, Article 13: Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council
31. By virtue of this Agreement, a Darfur Herders and Nomads Development Council (DHNDC) shall be established under the DRA, with the strategic objective of creating an enabling environment to promote the activities of herders and nomads in order to contribute to economic growth, peaceful coexistence and stability in Darfur. The Council shall undertake the following functions:
i. Coordinate with the competent authorities to open nomadic routes in Darfur States.
ii. Improve production environment and promote animal exports.
iii. Address the specific needs of nomad women and empower them including through nomadic education
iv. Disseminate the culture of peace and peaceful coexistence between herders and farmers.
v. Promote the provision of basic services for herders and nomads in Darfur.
vi. Promote the concept of modern herding in Darfur.

32. GOS shall source an initial payment of US $20,000,000 (twenty million US dollars) in funding to the Council. Another sum of US $30,000,000 (thirty million dollars US dollars) shall be sourced by GOS within a period not exceeding one year after the first instalment.

Cultural heritage

No specific mention.

Environment

No specific mention.

Water or riparian rights or access

No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees

No specific mention.

Ceasefire

Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision

Page 11, Article 25: General Principles
58. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the Ceasefire Agreement signed in Doha on 10 February 2013, and to the general principles enumerated under Article 62 of the DDPD, upon which the Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements shall be based.

Page 11, Article 27: Establishment of the Joint Coordination Mechanism (JCM)
61. The Parties stress the necessity to establish, without further delay, the Joint Coordination Mechanism (JCM) as provided for in paragraph 403 Article 67 of the DDPD and shall, in this regard, agree on its composition.

Police

No specific mention.

Armed forces

Page 4, Article 6: Armed Forces and Other Regular Forces
12. A follow-up committee composed of GOS and relevant bodies shall be established to ensure the timely implementation of the provisions contained in paragraphs 57 and 58 of the DDPD related to the representation of the people of Darfur in the Sudanese Armed Forces, military academies and other regular forces.

Page 11, Article 29: Reform of Some Military Institutions
63. The Parties reiterate the importance of reforming and restructuring some military institutions in accordance with paragraphs 463 and 464 Article 74 of the DDPD, and agree that the process shall be expedited.

DDR

Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes

Page 12, Article 30: The Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Commission (DDRC)
64. JEM shall be adequately represented in the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Commission (DDRC) in Darfur, taking into account the exigencies of the prevailing situation.

Page 12, Article 31: The Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission (DSAIC)
65. JEM shall be represented in the Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission (DSAIC) as well as in its subsidiary body, the Integration Technical Committee (ITC) which designs, plans, implements, manages and monitors the integration programs for former combatants.

Page 12, Article 32: Rights of JEM
66. GOS, upon completion of the implementation of all the phases of the Final Security Arrangements, shall pay adequate compensation to JEM for its weaponry and equipment except personal weapons as determined by a joint committee to be established by the Parties.

Page 12, Article 32: Rights of JEM
67. Families of fallen combatants, as well as disabled and sick combatants from JEM shall, in addition to benefits from the DDR programs, draw special benefits from the Micro Finance Institution and the Social Welfare Fund as provided for in Articles 14 and 15 of this Agreement. Sick former combatants shall be entitled to medical treatment.

Intelligence services

No specific mention.

Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces

Page 11, Article 28: Disarmament of Armed Militia Groups
62. The Parties reiterate the critical necessity for the disarmament of armed militia as a key element of the Final Security Arrangements and that the process shall expeditiously take place as provided for in paragraph 399 Article 76 of the DDPD.

~

Page 1, Preamble
...Recalling further the relevant paragraphs of the African Union Peace and Security Council (PSC) Communiques which welcome the DDPD "as a positive development that will greatly contribute to the promotion of peace and security in Darfur"; call on the "Parties to the DDPD to spare no efforts in expediting the implementation of the Agreement"; "express serious concern at the continued refusal of the hold out groups to engage in the peace process, in spite of the efforts made by the Joint AU/UN Mediation; and demand that these Movements join the peace process without any further delay and adhere to the DDPD, which has been endorsed by the AU and the larger international community as available basis for achieving lasting peace and stability in Darfur";

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
13. JEM shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Protocol on the Participation of the Justice and Equality Movement-Sudan at the Different Levels of Government and on the Integration of its Forces, referred to in Article 1, participate in all the tiers of Government at the national level, the Darfur States level and the locality level, as well as in both organs of the DRA.

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
14. JEM shall take all necessary measures to transform itself into a political party in accordance with the existing legal arrangements.

Page 4, Article 7. Participation of JEM in Power, and in Constitutional and Electoral Processes
15. JEM shall participate, through adequate representation, in the forthcoming constitutional review process for the drafting of the Permanent Constitution of the Republic of Sudan.

Page 11, Article 26: Provision of Non Military Logistic Support to JEM Combatants
59. The Parties stress the necessity for the provision of Non Military Logistic Support (NMLS) to JEM combatants. In this regard, GOS undertakes to provide such support, covering the period from the signing of this Agreement to the conduct of the verification of JEM forces locations and strength. This initial support shall be provided through an arrangement agreed upon by the Parties. After the conduct of the verification, NMLS shall be provided on the basis of paragraphs 393 and 394 of the DDPD.

Page 11, Article 26: Provision of Non Military Logistic Support to JEM Combatants
60. The Parties shall be adequately represented in the Joint Logistics Coordination Committee (JLCC) as provided for in paragraph 410 Article 69 of the DDPD.

Page 12, Article 30: The Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Commission (DDRC)
64. JEM shall be adequately represented in the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Commission (DDRC) in Darfur, taking into account the exigencies of the prevailing situation.

Page 12, Article 31: The Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission (DSAIC)
65. JEM shall be represented in the Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission (DSAIC) as well as in its subsidiary body, the Integration Technical Committee (ITC) which designs, plans, implements, manages and monitors the integration programs for former combatants.

Page 12, Article 32: Rights of JEM
66. GOS, upon completion of the implementation of all the phases of the Final Security Arrangements, shall pay adequate compensation to JEM for its weaponry and equipment except personal weapons as determined by a joint committee to be established by the Parties.

Page 12, Article 32: Rights of JEM
67. Families of fallen combatants, as well as disabled and sick combatants from JEM shall, in addition to benefits from the DDR programs, draw special benefits from the Micro Finance Institution and the Social Welfare Fund as provided for in Articles 14 and 15 of this Agreement. Sick former combatants shall be entitled to medical treatment.

Withdrawal of foreign forces

No specific mention.

Corruption

No specific mention.

Crime/organised crime

No specific mention.

Drugs

No specific mention.

Terrorism

No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general

No specific mention.

Amnesty/pardon

Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper

Page 10, Article 21: National Judicial System
50. Without prejudice to Article 60 and further to paragraph 295 of the DDPD, GOS shall immediately lift immunities enjoyed by persons by virtue of their official status or functions when requested by the national justice institutions.

Page 10, Article 24: Amnesty
56. Without prejudice to paragraph 330 of Article 60 of the DDPD, GOS shall, upon the signing of this Agreement, issue general amnesty for JEM combatants and members, in accordance with the Constitution and national law.
57. GOS, in consultation with JEM, shall establish a committee to review, in accordance with national law, the situation of military personnel, civilians, prisoners of war, and those sentenced who are members of JEM, with a view to releasing them.

Courts

No specific mention.

Mechanism

No specific mention.

Prisoner release

Page 10, Article 24: Amnesty
57. GOS, in consultation with JEM, shall establish a committee to review, in accordance with national law, the situation of military personnel, civilians, prisoners of war, and those sentenced who are members of JEM, with a view to releasing them.

Vetting

No specific mention.

Victims

Page 8, Article 14: The Micro-Finance System
37. GOS shall, through the Central Bank, encourage commercial banks to allocate part of their financing portfolio to micro financing. Priority shall be given to applicants from Darfur States, in particular the IDPs, returnees, victims of the conflict and former combatants.

Page 8, Article 16: General Principle
42. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the general principles enumerated in the DDPD, which shall guide the achievement of durable solutions for the IDPs and refugees, as well as all other victims of the conflict.

Missing persons

No specific mention.

Reparations

Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations

Page 9, Article 17: Compensation and Durable solution
43. The Parties shall expeditiously take measures to commence the payment of compensation to returning IDPs, refugees as well as all other victims of the conflict, in accordance with relevant paragraphs of Articles 43, 52 and 57 of the DDPD.

Reconciliation

Page 9, Article 20: General Principles
49. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the general principles enumerated in the DDPD, upon which justice and reconciliation shall be based.

Page 10, Article 22: Native Administration
52. The Native Administration shall be strengthened through training and capacity building to enable it to effectively and efficiently perform its social and reconciliatory role in an impartial manner.

Implementation

UN signatory

Joint Special Representative (Political) and Deputy Joint Special Representative (Political) for the AU-UN Mediation signed as witnesses.

Other international signatory

Witnessed by:
For the State of Qatar: H.E. Ahmad bin Abdallah Al Mahmoud, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs; For the AU-UN Mediation: H.E. Aichatou S. Mindaoudou, Deputy Joint Special Representative (Politcial); Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Joint Special Representative

Referendum for agreement

No specific mention.

International mission/force/similar

Page 2, Preamble,
...Further Welcoming the concrete support of the international community towards peace process and the protection of civilians, development and reconstruction, as well as economic recovery in Darfur, manifest in the work of the African Union United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations country team and other relevant agencies, as well as in the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) and the contributions made to the Muti-Donor Trust Fund through the International Donors' Conference for Darfur in Doha;

Enforcement mechanism

No specific mention.

Related cases

No specific mention.

Source

UN Peacemaker
http://peacemaker.un.org/
http://peacemaker.un.org/sudan-jems-agreement-DDPD2013