Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chad and the Movement for Democracy and justice in Chad (MDJT) (Tripoli Agreement)

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Country/entity: Chad
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chad and the Movement for Democracy and justice in Chad (MDJT) (Tripoli Agreement)
Date: 7 Jan 2002
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Chadian Conflicts (1966 - )
The political history of Chad has been defined by ethno-religious conflict following independence from France in 1960, particularly between the Islamic north and the Christian and animist south. Although prevalent during the colonial era, this became particularly apparent under Tombalbaye during his 15-year rule (1960-1975), which saw mass discrimination against the Muslim northern and central regions. In 1966, the Islamist National Liberation Front on Chad (FROLINAT) was formed, but the movement was defined by factionalism and in-fighting, often encouraged by Libyan government policies, until the civil war ended in 1993. In 1975 Tombalbaye was killed during a coup, and the country reverted to military rule. Constant pressure from the various FROLINAT factions, however, caused then-ruler General Felix Malloum to align himself with Hissene Habre, a rebel leader formerly-aligned with FROLINAT, but then-commander of the Forces Armées du Nord (FAN). In 1978, Libyan troops also occupied the Aouzou Strip (See Libyan-Chadian Conflict). Meanwhile, Habre’s FROLINAT competitor, Goukouni Oueddei, gathered the majority of the northern insurgent factions, and the ensuing civil war between 11 factions eroded the capabilities of the state. In 1979, the Lagos Accords created a unity government (GUNT) that briefly convened the factions, but infighting between Habre and Goukouni’s forces broke out soon after.

Habre finally gained control of N’Djamena in 1982, but faced continuing insurgent pressure from GUNT. This changed in the mid-1980s when all forces in Chad aligned themselves against the Libyan occupation and expelled them from Chad. Infighting in Habre’s regime, meanwhile, saw the defection of General Idriss Deby to Sudan, where he launched a Zaghawa campaign against the President and took the capital in December 1990 with Libyan-backing. Deby was announced President in early 1991, and to ease fighting he announced elections, which he won, in 1996. A number of short-lived peace deals were signed with several rebel factions in 1997, but fighting continued. In 2003, an influx of over 200,000 refugees from Darfur complicated the matter further, and in 2005 Chad declared war on Sudan, which was backing the Chadian rebel group, Rally for Democracy and Liberty. A series of battles ensued across Chad culminating in the Battle of N’Djamena in 2008. The latest war ended in 2010 with a peace accord signed between Sudan and Chad.

In 2021, the FACT (Front pour l’Alternance et la Concorde au Tchad: Front for Change and Concord in Chad) attacked the Chadian military on the eve of presidential elections. President Idriss Déby was killed in the attack, and the army formed a Transitional Military Council (TMC).
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Chad: 'third war' process
Parties: Government of the Republic of Chad and the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad

Signatures:
For the Government of the Republic of Chad
(Signed) Abderahman Moussa Minister of the Interior and Security

For the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad
(Signed) General Adoum Togoi
Chairman of the National Reconciliation Committee
Third parties: For the Government of the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
(Signed) Ali Abdessalam Treiki
Secretary of the People’s General Committee for African Unity
Description: This short agreements provides for an immediate ceasefire, amnesty, prisoners release, participation of MDJT in the Government and other State institutions, tripartite military committee, the integration of MDJT forces into the national army of Chad, as well as a tripartite follow-up committee.

Agreement document: TD_020107_PeaceAgreementChadandMDJT.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→General
State level
Page 1, Article 4:
To ensure the participation of MDJT in the Government and other State institutions, the modalities for such MDJT involvement being determined by the political and legal committee.
...
Article 8
Three technical subcommittees on political and legal, military and security, and social and economic matters, respectively, shall be established to work out the details of this Agreement not later than two months after its signature.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Merger of forces
Page 2, Article 6:
The MDJT forces shall be integrated into the national army of Chad in accordance with the modalities decided upon by the military and security subcommittee.
Power sharing→Military power sharing→Proportionality
Page 1, Article 5:
A tripartite military committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be
established and charged with determining where forces shall be concentrated and stationed.

Page 2, Article 8:
Three technical subcommittees on political and legal, military and security, and social and economic matters, respectively, shall be established to work out the details of this Agreement not later than two months after its signature.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Article 1, Page 1:
To declare an immediate ceasefire between the two parties, to refrain from any direct or indirect military action, to stop all media campaigns against each other and to guarantee the free movement of persons and goods.
Mobility/access: Article 1, Page 1:
To declare an immediate ceasefire between the two parties, to refrain from any direct or indirect military action, to stop all media campaigns against each other and to guarantee the free movement of persons and goods.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, Article 3:
To work towards the achievement of peace, security, stability and economic and social development in the region.

Page 2, Article 8:
Three technical subcommittees on political and legal, military and security, and social and economic matters, respectively, shall be established to work out the details of this Agreement not later than two months after its signature.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, Article 3:
To work towards the achievement of peace, security, stability and economic and social development in the region.

Page 2, Article 8:
Three technical subcommittees on political and legal, military and security, and social and economic matters, respectively, shall be established to work out the details of this Agreement not later than two months after its signature.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Article 1, Page 1:
To declare an immediate ceasefire between the two parties, to refrain from any direct or indirect military action, to stop all media campaigns against each other and to guarantee the free movement of persons and goods.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, Article 4:
To ensure the participation of MDJT in the Government and other State institutions, the modalities for such MDJT involvement being determined by the political and legal committee.

Page 1, Article 5:
A tripartite military committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be established and charged with determining where forces shall be concentrated and stationed.

Page 2, Article 6:
The MDJT forces shall be integrated into the national army of Chad in accordance with the modalities decided upon by the military and security subcommittee.

Page 2, Article 7:
A tripartite follow-up committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be created and shall be responsible for the implementation of this Agreement.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper
Page 1, Article 2:
To declare a general amnesty and to release the prisoners and detainees of both sides.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 1, Article 2:
To declare a general amnesty and to release the prisoners and detainees of both sides.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: For the Government of the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
(Signed) Ali Abdessalam Treiki
Secretary of the People’s General Committee for African Unity
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, Article 5:
A tripartite military committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be established and charged with determining where forces shall be concentrated and stationed.

Page 2, Article 7:
A tripartite follow-up committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be created and shall be responsible for the implementation of this Agreement.

Page 2, Article 10:
The Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya shall ensure the implementation of the provisions of this Agreement.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, Article 7:
A tripartite follow-up committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be created and shall be responsible for the implementation of this Agreement.

Page 2, Article 8:
Three technical subcommittees on political and legal, military and security, and social and economic matters, respectively, shall be established to work out the details of this Agreement not later than two months after its signature.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://peacemaker.un.org/

Peace agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chad and the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad Considering the Charters of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity and the Treaty of the Community of Sahelo-Saharan States (COMESSA) concerning the peaceful settlement of conflicts, Convinced that overall development cannot be achieved without peace, security and stability, Brother Colonel Muammar Khaddafi, Leader of the Great Al-Fatih Revolution, invited the Government of the Republic of Chad and the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) to hold a meeting for the purpose of arriving at a solution to the conflict between them.

In response to the invitation of the Leader of the Great Al-Fatih Revolution in his capacity as permanent coordinator and sponsor of the peace process and in view of the mandate entrusted to him by the COMESSA Presidential Summit held at N’Djamena on 4 and 5 February 2000, the two parties held a meeting at Tripoli on 4 January 2002, at which they agreed as follows:

Article 1 To declare an immediate ceasefire between the two parties, to refrain from any direct or indirect military action, to stop all media campaigns against each other and to guarantee the free movement of persons and goods.

Article 2 To declare a general amnesty and to release the prisoners and detainees of both sides.

Article 3 To work towards the achievement of peace, security, stability and economic and social development in the region.

Article 4 To ensure the participation of MDJT in the Government and other State institutions, the modalities for such MDJT involvement being determined by the political and legal committee.

Article 5 A tripartite military committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be established and charged with determining where forces shall be concentrated and stationed.

Article 6 The MDJT forces shall be integrated into the national army of Chad in accordance with the modalities decided upon by the military and security subcommittee.

Article 7 A tripartite follow-up committee comprising representatives of the Government of Chad, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and MDJT shall be created and shall be responsible for the implementation of this Agreement.

Article 8 Three technical subcommittees on political and legal, military and security, and social and economic matters, respectively, shall be established to work out the details of this Agreement not later than two months after its signature.

Article 9 The agreed annexes shall form an integral part of this Agreement.

Article 10 The Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya shall ensure the implementation of the provisions of this Agreement.

DONE at Tripoli on 7 January 2002.

For the Government of the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Signed) Ali Abdessalam Treiki Secretary of the People’s General Committee for African Unity For the Government of the Republic of Chad (Signed) Abderahman Moussa Minister of the Interior and Security For the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (Signed) General Adoum Togoi Chairman of the National Reconciliation Committee