Country/entity

Libya

Region

Middle East and North Africa

Agreement name

Agreement to Consolidate the Ceasefire (Zawiyya Agreement)

Date

9 Sep 2018

Agreement status

Multiparty signed/agreed

Interim arrangement

Yes

Agreement/conflict level

Intrastate/local conflict

Libyan Conflicts (1969 - 1994) (2011 - )

Agreements relate to two distinct conflict dyads.
Libya-Chad. Since the 1970s, Libya under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi had a tense relationship with its neighbour Chad, predominantly focused on the resource-rich Aouzou Strip in northern Chad. Libyan claims of the Aouzou Strip were held in an un-ratified treaty between France and Italy in 1935, similarly Chadian claims of the Strip were argued with support of a 1955 treaty between Libya and France. In 1973, Libya effectively annexed the Strip to gain access to natural resources. This spurred cross-border clashes between 1979 until 1987 until escalated to a brief war known as the Toyota War, wherein Chadian government troops succeeded in repelling Libyan forces. A brief and repeatedly violated ceasefire was held from 1987-88, followed by a series of unsuccessful negotiations, until an International Court of Justice ruling in 1994, which granted sovereignty of the Strip to Chad.

Libya post-Gaddafi. Gaddafi’s downfall following the Libyan Civil War in 2011-2012, led to several factions fighting for the country’s leadership. Since 2013, the country effectively split into three entities, with the National Army controlling the east including the city of Benghazi, and the New General National Congress and their militias such as the Golden Dawn controlling the northwest including the capital of Tripoli. Significant portions of the country in the south-west are currently held by Tuareg forces. The civil war and chaos continued into 2014 as the General National Congress refused to disband after the expiry of its mandate, resulting in eruption of mass protests. The UN efforts continue to broker peace between the Libyan Army and the Libya Dawn factions, and a partial ceasefire was declared in January 2015. A new interim-government (Tunisia-based) called ‘Government of National Accord’ is formed with the backing of UN despite the refusal of the other forces to recognise its authority and arrived to Tripoli with the UN in 2016. A state of emergency was declared by the UN backed government amid clashed between rival militia in Tripoli’s southern suburbs. Since April 2019 there has been sustained fighting between the Libyan National Army and the UN-backed government in Tripoli as the Libyan National Army aims to seize Tripoli.

Close

Libyan Conflicts (1969 - 1994) (2011 - )

Stage

Implementation/renegotiation

Conflict nature

Government

Peace process

Libyan peace process

Parties

Khalid Mazen, Ministry Undersecretary, Ministry of Interior [Signed]
Muhammad Lamhanim Undersecretary of Internal Migrationm Ministry of Interior [Signed]
Abdulbari Shimbaro, Undersecretary, Ministry of Local Administration [Signed]
Gen. Hussein Abdullah, Chief of Staff of Army, General Staff [Signed]
Gen. Osamah Huwaili, Commander of Western Tareen Area, General Staff [Signed]
Abdulsalam Abu Sitah Al Mahdi, Local Military Command – Zintan, General Staff [Signed]
Brig. Gen. Fath Allah Hasan Abu Matas, First Assistant, Counter-Terrorism Forces, Presidential Council [Signed]
Fahim Bin Ramadan, 301st Infantry Brigade, Presidential Council [Signed]
Gen. Abdulfatah Marin, Commander of the Tripoli Al Amariah Area, Presidential Council [Signed]
Khalid Muhammad Al Jarab, Tripoli Brigade, Tripoli Brigade [Signed]
Khalid Muhammad Al Subair, Communication Delegate Tripoli [Signed]
[ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE], Tripoli [Signed]
Muhammad Hasan Al Barouni, Janzour Knights Brigade [Signed]
Muhammad Al Dharat, Al Bunyan Al Marsoos, Middle Area [Signed]
Ibrahim Muhammad Rafidah, Al Bunyan Al Marsoos, Middle Area [Signed]
Abdullah Ahmad Asbafa, Al Bunyan Al Marsoos, Middle Area [Signed]
Brig. Gen. Ramadan Al Zain, Middle Area, Al Bunyan Al Marsoos [Signed]
Mustafa Ali Muhammad Al Somo, Al Bunyan Al Marsoos, Middle Area [Signed]
Brig. Gen. Malud Al Masri, Head of the Central Security, Libyan Intelligence [Signed]
Iyad Ili Salem, Mayor of Tarhuna, Tarhuna [Signed]
Ahmad Owain, Military Advisor, Presidential Council [Signed]
Ibrahim Al Thaqaf, General Intelligence, Presidential Council [Signed]
Al Mahdi Ali Al Shawish, Military Committee, Zawiya [Signed]
Musa Ahmad Al Bidari, Mobile Force, Jadu [Signed]
Ayman Awn Allah, Mobile Force, [ILLEGIBLE] [Signed]
Mustafa Ali Ashlam, Al Bunyan Al Marsoos, Misrata [Signed]
Hasan Jab Allah, Tarhuna, Tarhuna [Signed]
Milod Abdullah, Tarhuna, Tarhuna [Signed]

Third parties

United Nations Support Mission to Libya (UNSMIL)

Description

Short agreement providing for implementation modalities.

Agreement document

LY_180909_Tripoli Ceasefire_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Agreement document (original language)

LY_180909_Tripoli Ceasefire_AR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Local agreement properties

Process type

Formal structured process

Rationale

-> Link to national level; external support mechanism; culture of signing It appears that it is a formal national mechanism that aims to solve the conflict at a local level. The agreement is part of a larger peace process made of several UN-sponsored peace agreements aimed at bringing an end to the Battle of Tripoli. It is also embedded in a culture of signing (and supporting) agreements in this locale and in this timeframe (August/September 2018). The agreement aims to "consolidate the ceasefire" agreed on the 4th of September.

Is there a documented link to a national peace process?

Yes

Link to national process: articulated rationale

The ceasefire is linked to the national process. It was mediated between state and non-state parties under the support of the United Nations Support Mission to Libya (UNSMIL). Moreover, it mentions a statement made by the UN Security Council. It also includes reform to security arrangements committee, which was mandated by the LPA (2015); as well as the promise of an economic reform package. It also negotiates the withdrawal of non-state militias from state institutions, a promise that they will not seize them in the future and a formal revoking of state-sanctioned authority to militias to complete certain tasks.

Name of Locale

Greater Tripoli

Nature of Locale

Region

GPS Lat/Long (DD)

32.882782, 13.190739

Participant type

Central state actor
Local state actor
Local armed group

Mediator, facilitator or similar

Mediator or similar referred to

Mediator (references)

United Nations Support Mission to Libya (UNSMIL)

Type of mediator/facilitator/similar

International or transnational actor

Local issues

Ritual/prayer and process (including use of scripture)

No specific mention.

Grievance List

Page 1, Based on the ceasefire agreement that was signed on September 4 ,and based on the statement
from the Security Council on 6 September 2018, which called for an immediate cessation of hostilities, adherence to the truce, stopping the bloodshed, and protecting civilians [...]

Cattle rustling/banditry

No specific mention.

Social cover

No specific mention.