Roadmap agreement

Export agreement:

Export agreement coding (PDF)

Country/entity: Sudan
Darfur
Southern Kordofan - Blue Nile - Abyei
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Roadmap agreement
Date: 21 Mar 2016
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Darfur-Sudan peace process
Parties: Sudan, Darfur, the areas of Southern Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Abyei
Third parties: Witness: H.E. Thabo Mvuylwa Mbeki Chairman of the African Union High Level Implementation Panel
Description: This agreement makes provision for a ceasefire and negotiations to be re-started relating to conflict in Darfur and the two areas of Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile. While the agreement itself was developed on and is dated 23 March 2016, it was not accepted and signed by the opposition groups until 8 August 2016, which is the date recorded.

Agreement document: SD_160321_Roadmap Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 2, Article 1.1,
simultaneously they [the negotiations] will conclude an Agreement providing for immediate Humanitarian Assistance; and,

Page 2, Article 1.2,
these negotiations will be based on the existing Draft Agreements;

Page 2, Article 3.1,
however they [the Parties] also acknowledge that this National Dialogue was not sufficiently inclusive as it did not include the signatories to this Roadmap Agreement, namely the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army-Mini Minawi (SLM/A-MM), the Sudan People's Liberation Movement North (SPLM-N), the National Umma Party (NUP);

Page 3, Article 3.2,
accordingly they [the Parties] agree that the 7+7 Committee of the National Dialogue referred to in paragraph 3 above should urgently meet, in Addis Ababa, the organisations mentioned under 3.1 above to consider such steps as should be taken to achieve the inclusivity in the National Dialogue which the Parties agree is vital.

Page 3, Article 4,
The Parties agree that recommendations concerning the future of Sudan should emanate from a truly inclusive process which should include the organisations mentioned under 3.1 above;
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/making
Page 3, Article 4.1,
this is particularly important as the decisions reached through such an inclusive process would serve as the basis of the National Constitution which should be negotiated through an inclusive process.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 2, Article 1.1,
simultaneously they [the negotiations] will conclude an Agreement providing for immediate Humanitarian Assistance; and,

Page 2, Article 1.2,
these negotiations will be based on the existing Draft Agreements;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 2, Article 1,
They will urgently resume their negotiations to conclude a Cessation of Hostilities (CoH) leading to a Permanent Ceasefire (PC) Agreement; with respect to the Two Areas, negotiations will be conducted between the Government and the SPLM-N; with respect to Darfur, negotiations will be conducted between the Government and JEM and SLM-MM;

Page 2, Article 1.2,
these negotiations will be based on the existing Draft Agreements;

Page 2, Article 2.2,
a Joint Committee/Committees will be established to ensure the necessary synchronisation between the implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire and security arrangements and the conclusion of the relevant political processes.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2, Article 3.1,
however they [the Parties] also acknowledge that this National Dialogue was not sufficiently inclusive as it did not include the signatories to this Roadmap Agreement, namely the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army-Mini Minawi (SLM/A-MM), the Sudan People's Liberation Movement North (SPLM-N), the National Umma Party (NUP);

Page 3, Article 3.2,
accordingly they [the Parties] agree that the 7+7 Committee of the National Dialogue referred to in paragraph 3 above should urgently meet, in Addis Ababa, the organisations mentioned under 3.1 above to consider such steps as should be taken to achieve the inclusivity in the National Dialogue which the Parties agree is vital.

Page 3, Article 4,
The Parties agree that recommendations concerning the future of Sudan should emanate from a truly inclusive process which should include the organisations mentioned under 3.1 above;
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: Page 4, Signatories,
Witnessed by: H.E. Thabo Mvuylwa Mbeki Chairman of the African Union High Level Implementation Panel
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 3, Article 6,
The Parties, in consultation with the AUHIP, will determine the timeframes for the actions required in this Roadmap Agreement.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 3, Article 7,
The Parties will do everything possible to implement the provisions in this Roadmap Agreement convinced of the urgent need to bring about a just peace throughout Sudan, which peace must address all the important issues which have historically divided the people of the Republic.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: https://peacemaker.un.org/node/2926

ROADMAP AGREEMENT

The undersigned Parties met in Addis Ababa from 18 to 21

March, 2016 in a strategic meeting facilitated by the African

Union High Level Implementation Panel on Sudan and South

Sudan (AUHIP) to accelerate progress towards ending the

conflicts in Darfur and The Two Areas of Southern Kordofan and

Blue Nile (the Two Areas).

The Parties reiterate their commitment urgently to end the

conflicts in Darfur and The Two Areas of Southern Kordofan and

Blue Nile peacefully and to ensure that the populations affected

have the necessary humanitarian assistance.

The Parties further reiterate their commitment to the view that

the people of Sudan should engage one another in an inclusive

National Dialogue to address the various challenges facing the

country.

Accordingly, the Parties agree as follows:

Definitions:

"CoH" means Cessation of Hostilities;

"PC" means Permanent Ceasefire;

"Two Areas" means The Two Areas of Southern Kordofan and

Blue Nile;

"JEM" means the Justice and Equality Movement;

"SLM/A-MM" means the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army-Mini

Minawi;

"SPLM-N" means the Sudan People's Liberation MovementNorth;

and

"NUP" means National Umma Party.

1. They will urgently resume their negotiations to conclude a

Cessation of Hostilities (CoH) leading to a Permanent Ceasefire

(PC) Agreement;

with respect to the Two Areas, negotiations will

be conducted between the Government and the SPLM-N;

with

respect to Darfur, negotiations will be conducted between the

Government and JEM and SLM-MM;

1.1. simultaneously they will conclude an Agreement providing

for immediate Humanitarian Assistance;

and,

1.2. these negotiations will be based on the existing Draft

Agreements;

2. The Agreements to end the conflicts should be synchronised

with Agreements on the relevant political matters;

2.1. the parallel CoH and PC negotiations relating to Darfur and

the Two Areas will therefore also include political matters

specifically relevant to Darfur and the Two Areas;

2.2. a Joint Committee/Committees will be established to ensure

the necessary synchronisation between the implementation of

the Permanent Ceasefire and security arrangements and the

conclusion of the relevant political processes.

2.3. political matters that are national in nature should therefore

be discussed within the context of Sudan's inclusive National

Dialogue;

and,

3. The Parties acknowledge that the Sudan National Dialogue

convened by H.E. the President of the Republic started in

Khartoum in October, 2015;

3.1. however they also acknowledge that this National Dialogue

was not sufficiently inclusive as it did not include the signatories

to this Roadmap Agreement, namely the Justice and Equality

Movement (JEM), the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army-Mini

Minawi (SLM/A-MM), the Sudan People's Liberation MovementNorth

(SPLM-N), the National Umma Party (NUP);

3.2. accordingly they agree that the 7+ 7 Committee of the

National Dialogue referred to in paragraph 3 above should

urgently meet, in Addis Ababa, the organisations mentioned

under 3.1 above to consider such steps as should be taken to

achieve the inclusivity in the National Dialogue which the Parties

agree is vital.

4. The Parties agree that recommendations concerning the

future of Sudan should emanate from a truly inclusive process

which should include the organisations mentioned under 3.1

above;

4.1. this is particularly important as the decisions reached

through such an inclusive process would serve as the basis of

the National Constitution which should be negotiated through an

inclusive process.

5. The Parties will also negotiate a Roadmap, with timeframes,

which will encompass the various steps visualised in this

Roadmap Agreement.

6. The Parties, in consultation with the AUHIP, will determine the

timeframes for the actions required in this Roadmap Agreement.

7. The Parties will do everything possible to implement the

provisions in this Roadmap Agreement convinced of the urgent

need to bring about a just peace throughout Sudan, which peace

must address all the important issues which have historically

divided the people of the Republic.

Done in Addis Ababa, this 21st Day of March, 2016:

)

Hon. Eng.

I ahim Mahmoud

Hamid

On behalf of the Government of

Sudan

I• 0 I• I• I if!..

I 0 ••I•''• o Io o o o o Io Io Io

Dr. Gibril Ibrahim

Mohamed

Chairman of the Justice

and Equality Movement

-5 r Arman

General of

u an People's

· n Movement -

Witnessed by:

Mr. Mini Arko Minawi ,

Chairman of the Sudan

Liberation Movement MiniMinawi

I• I• a•• I••• I I• I• I••• I I• I I•• I I I I I

Al-Imam

Mahdi

Al-Sa dig Al-

Chairman of the National

UMMA Party

H.E. Thabo Mvuylwa Mbeki

Chairman of the African Union High Level Implementation

Panel