Agreement Signed by Jimmy Carter and Emile Jonassaint, the Military-Appointed President of Haiti, in Port-au-Prince, on 18 September 1994

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Country/entity
Haiti
Region
Americas
Agreement name
Agreement Signed by Jimmy Carter and Emile Jonassaint, the Military-Appointed President of Haiti, in Port-au-Prince, on 18 September 1994
Date
18 Sep 1994
Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement
Yes
Agreement/conflict level
Interstate/intrastate conflict(s) ( Haitian Political Crisis (1991 - ) )
Stage
Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature
Government
Peace process
Haitian peace process
Parties
United States of America, signed by Jimmy Carter
Haiti, signed by Emile Jonassaint, the Military-Appointed President of Haiti
Third parties
-
Description
This agreement was reached as the US intervention in Haiti, backed by the UN, was about to commence. The terms of the agreement allowed for the Haitian police and military to avoid direct conflict with the US forces, allowed for the removal of the economic embargo and sanctions, and reinstated some of the provisions of the Governors Island agreement (though the agreement itself is not directly quoted in the text). The top military and police officials agreed to retire, and the government committed to holding free and fair elections.

Agreement document
HT_940918_Agreement_Signed_by_Jimmy_Carter_and_Emile_Jonassaint.pdf | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth
No specific mention.
Disabled persons
No specific mention.
Elderly/age
No specific mention.
Migrant workers
No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
Religious groups
No specific mention.
Indigenous people
No specific mention.
Other groups
No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons
No specific mention.
Social class
No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender
No specific mention.
Men and boys
No specific mention.
LGBTI
No specific mention.
Family
No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general)
No specific mention.
State configuration
No specific mention.
Self determination
No specific mention.
Referendum
No specific mention.
State symbols
No specific mention.
Independence/secession
No specific mention.
Accession/unification
No specific mention.
Border delimitation
No specific mention.
Cross-border provision
No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed)
No specific mention.
Elections
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6. The forthcoming legislative elections will be held in a free and democratic manner.
Electoral commission
No specific mention.
Political parties reform
No specific mention.
Civil society
No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders
No specific mention.
Public administration
No specific mention.
Constitution
No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing
No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing
No specific mention.
Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
Military power sharing
No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general
No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation
No specific mention.
Civil and political rights
No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship
No specific mention.
Democracy
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1. The purpose of this agreement is to foster peace in Haiti, to avoid violence and bloodshed, to promote freedom and democracy, and to forge a sustained and mutually beneficial relationship between the governments, people, and institutions of Haiti and the United States.
Detention procedures
No specific mention.
Media and communication
No specific mention.
Mobility/access
No specific mention.
Protection measures
No specific mention.
Other
No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI
No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
Traditional Laws
No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1:
5. The economic embargo and the economic sanctions will be lifted without delay in accordance with relevant U.N. Resolutions and the need of the Haitian people will be met as quickly as possible.
National economic plan
No specific mention.
Natural resources
No specific mention.
International funds
No specific mention.
Business
No specific mention.
Taxation
No specific mention.
Banks
No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
Environment
No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees
No specific mention.
Ceasefire
No specific mention.
Police
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2. To implement this agreement, the Haitian military and police forces will work in close cooperation with the U.S. Military Mission. This cooperation, conducted with mutual respect, will last during the transitional period required for insuring vital institutions of the country.
Armed forces
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2. To implement this agreement, the Haitian military and police forces will work in close cooperation with the U.S. Military Mission. This cooperation, conducted with mutual respect, will last during the transitional period required for insuring vital institutions of the country.

3. In order to personally contribute to the success of this agreement, certain military officers of the Haitian armed forces are willing to consent to an early and honorable retirement in accordance with U.N. Resolutions 917 and 940 when a general amnesty will be voted into law by the Haitian Parliament, or Oct. 15, 1994, whichever is earlier. The parties to this agreement pledge to work with the Haitian Parliament to expedite this action. Their successors will be named according to the Haitian Constitution and existing military law.

4. The military activities of the U.S. Military Mission will be coordinated with the Haitian military high command.
DDR
No specific mention.
Intelligence services
No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces
No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
Corruption
No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
Drugs
No specific mention.
Terrorism
No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon
Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper
Page 1:
3. In order to personally contribute to the success of this agreement, certain military officers of the Haitian armed forces are willing to consent to an early and honorable retirement in accordance with U.N. Resolutions 917 and 940 when a general amnesty will be voted into law by the Haitian Parliament, or Oct. 15, 1994, whichever is earlier. The parties to this agreement pledge to work with the Haitian Parliament to expedite this action. Their successors will be named according to the Haitian Constitution and existing military law.
Courts
No specific mention.
Mechanism
No specific mention.
Prisoner release
No specific mention.
Vetting
No specific mention.
Victims
No specific mention.
Missing persons
No specific mention.
Reparations
No specific mention.
Reconciliation
No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory
No specific mention.
Other international signatory
Jimmy Carter, representing the United States
Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar
Page 1:
2. To implement this agreement, the Haitian military and police forces will work in close cooperation with the U.S. Military Mission. This cooperation, conducted with mutual respect, will last during the transitional period required for insuring vital institutions of the country.

4. The military activities of the U.S. Military Mission will be coordinated with the Haitian military high command.
Enforcement mechanism
No specific mention.
Related cases
No specific mention.
Source
Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Lessons-Learned_Haiti.pdf, at page 182

Appendix C:

Agreement Signed by Jimmy Carter and Emile

Jonassaint, the Military-Appointed President of Haiti, in Port-au-Prince, on 18 September 1994

I . The purpose of this agreement is to foster peace in Haiti, to avoid violence and bloodshed, to

promote freedom and democracy, and to forge a sustained and mutually beneficial relationship

between the governments, people, and institutions of Haiti and the United States.·

2. To implement this agreement, the Haitian military and police forces will work in close

cooperation with the U.S. Military Mission.

This cooperation, conducted with mutual respect, will

last during the transitional period required for insuring vital institutions of the country.

3. In order to personally contribute to the success of this agreement, certain military officers of

the Haitian armed forces are willing to consent to an early and honorable retirement in accordance

with U.N. Resolutions 917 and 940 when a general amnesty will be voted into law by the Haitian

Parliament, or Oct. 15, 1994, whichever is earlier.

The parties to this agreement pledge to work

with the Haitian Parliament to expedite this action.

Their successors will be named according to

the Haitian Constitution and existing military law.

4. The military activities of the U.S. Military Mission will be coordinated with the Haitian

military high command.

5. The economic embargo and the economic sanctions will be lifted without delay in accordance with

relevant U.N. Resolutions and the need of the Haitian people will be met as quickly as possible.

6. The forthcoming legislative elections will be held in a free and

democratic manner.

7. It is understood that the above agreement is conditioned on the

approval of the civilian governments of the United States and Haiti.