Chadian Mediator Text of Aichi Agreement

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Country/entity: Sudan
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Chadian Mediator Text of Aichi Agreement
Date: 8 Nov 2008
Agreement status: Status unclear
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Sudan Conflicts (1955 - )
Agreements relate to several distinct dyads, and also the negotiated independence of South Sudan, and subsequent internal conflict in South Sudan. Sudan-South Sudan. The long-standing conflict between the north and the south of the country dates back to colonial times, where the British introduced a so-called ‘Southern Policy’, severely hampering population movements between these big regions. Immediately after gaining independence in 1956, southern movements started to fight for independence; this fight became professionalised in 1983 with the foundation of the soon internationally supported Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). When the Islamic Front government introduced strict sharia laws in the south after it took over power in 1988 the war intensified. A decade later, the military situation reached a stalemate, enabling internationally facilitated peace negotiations to begin in 1997. After more fighting, a final negotiation push began in 2002, leading to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Areement (CPA) in January 2005.

Sudan-South Sudan post referendum. South Sudan became independent in July 2011; since then, relations between the two countries are complicated and violent conflict led by the SPLM (North) in the Sudanese Nuba mountains region has since intensified.

Darfur. Other long-standing violent conflicts are in the east and the west of the country. In the east, the Beja Congress, established in 1957, is the spearhead of a currently ‘peaceful’ opposition movement. In the west, the violent conflict in Darfur intensified in the early 2000s and rapidly gained international attention, even resulting in genocide charges against leading figures of the Sudanese government. The situation on the ground is complex, with over a dozen organisations (most notably the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement) fighting the Sudanese government and allied groups like the Janjaweed – although all parties have switched sides on numerous occasions. Several mediation attempts have not been successful, due to the shaky commitment of the Sudanese central government and the distrust among the armed opposition.

South Sudan - internal
In December 2013, after president Salva Kiir accused opposition leader Riek Machar of attempting a coup, violent conflict broke out between government forces of the SPLM/A and anti-governmental groups. In addition, several other political militias as well as communal militias have joined the conflict. In 2015 the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) was signed. Due to unsuccessful implementation the agreement was revitalized in 2018. In September 2019, Kiir and Machar agreed to establish a power-sharing government after struggles on forming a unity transitional government.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Darfur-Sudan peace process
Parties: Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army.
Third parties: Chad
Description: Short text outlining the disarmament and merger of forces from the SLA to the Government of Sudan forces.

Agreement document: SD_031108_Chadian Mediator Text of Aichi Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): SD_031108_Chadian Mediator Text of Aichi Agreement_AR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 5. The authorisation, guaranteeing and facilitation [of the movement] of national and international relief agencies to reach affected areas.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 3. Integration of elements of the Sudan Liberation Army in public life:
... b) Political cadres of the Sudan Liberation Army shall be incorporated in the management of public affairs;
c) Civil servants who joined the rebellion shall be enabled to reintegrated their original posts and to enjoy the same benefits as their colleagues.
d) Civilian and military elements unwilling to join the military profession shall receive compensations so as to reintegrate public life.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Merger of forces
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 3. Integration of elements of the Sudan Liberation Army in public life:
a) Elements of the Sudan Liberation Army willing to continue in the military shall be incorporated in the Sudanese Army. Their ranks and benefits shall be determined in accordance with the responsibilities they occupied in the rebellion;
... d) Civilian and military elements unwilling to join the military profession shall receive compensations so as to reintegrate public life.
Power sharing→Military power sharing→Joint command structures
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 3. Integration of elements of the Sudan Liberation Army in public life:
a) Elements of the Sudan Liberation Army willing to continue in the military shall be incorporated in the Sudanese Army. Their ranks and benefits shall be determined in accordance with the responsibilities they occupied in the rebellion;

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of movement
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 4. Guarantee of the freedom of movement of people and possessions.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 6. The Government of Sudan undertakes to prepare an urgent program aimed at the reconstruction and social and economic development in Darfur with the participation of its development partners.
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 5. The authorisation, guaranteeing and facilitation [of the movement] of national and international relief agencies to reach affected areas.
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 6. The Government of Sudan undertakes to prepare an urgent program aimed at the reconstruction and social and economic development in Darfur with the participation of its development partners.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 2. The laying of the foundations for comprehensive security and final peace in Darfur area:
a) the Sudan Liberation Army undertakes to cease its armed struggle and to canton its fighters at the agreed sites and to hand over its arms and other military equipment to the Sudanese Government within a period that shall not exceed 45 days;
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 2. The laying of the foundations for comprehensive security and final peace in Darfur area:
a) the Sudan Liberation Army undertakes to cease its armed struggle and to canton its fighters at the agreed sites and to hand over its arms and other military equipment to the Sudanese Government within a period that shall not exceed 45 days;
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 2. The laying of the foundations for comprehensive security and final peace in Darfur area:
a) the Sudan Liberation Army undertakes to cease its armed struggle and to canton its fighters at the agreed sites and to hand over its arms and other military equipment to the Sudanese Government within a period that shall not exceed 45 days;
b) the Sudanese Government undertakes to provide for the livelihood of the elements of the Sudan Liberation Army under the supervision of the Tripartite Commission with the aim of enumerating and identifying them;
c) The Government of Sudan undertakes to disarm within 45 days all irregular forces known as the Janjaweed and all the other armed gangs that are committing crimes against unarmed civilians.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 2. The laying of the foundations for comprehensive security and final peace in Darfur area:
... c) The Government of Sudan undertakes to disarm within 45 days all irregular forces known as the Janjaweed and all the other armed gangs that are committing crimes against unarmed civilians.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper
Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:  
1. The promulgation of a general and comprehensive amnesty for the fighters and supporters of the Sudan Liberation Army. The said amnesty shall not cover crimes committed prior to the breakout of the rebellion.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, Proposal of the Mediator:
The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:
... 8. In the event of disagreement or violation by one party of the clauses of this agreement the other party shall refer to the mediator.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: As Published by the Khartoum daily Akhbar Al- Youm, 8 November 2003.
Source: ICG Report, Darfur Rising, 25 March 2004.

TEXT OF THE CHAD MEDIATOR'S PROJECT FOR A FINAL AGREEMENT Unofficial Translation

As Published by the Khartoum daily Akhbar Al- Youm, 8 November 2003.

Project of a Final Agreement on Appendices between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army.

Proposal of the Mediator:

Considering the peace agreement signed at Abéché on 3 September 2003 between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army under the auspices of the Chadian government;

Considering the report of the Tripartite Commission on the situation on the battle ground;

Considering the good will demonstrated by the two parties and their desire to achieve peace;

The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation army undertake to respect the clauses of the following agreement:

The promulgation of a general and comprehensive amnesty for the fighters and supporters of the Sudan Liberation Army.

The said amnesty shall not cover crimes committed prior to the breakout of the rebellion.

The laying of the foundations for comprehensive security and final peace in Darfur area:

a) the Sudan Liberation Army undertakes to cease its armed struggle and to canton its fighters at the agreed sites and to hand over its arms and other military equipment to the Sudanese Government within a period that shall not exceed 45 days;

b) the Sudanese Government undertakes to provide for the livelihood of the elements of the Sudan Liberation Army under the supervision of the Tripartite Commission with the aim of enumerating and identifying them;

c) The Government of Sudan undertakes to disarm within 45 days all irregular forces

known as the Janjaweed and all the other armed gangs that are committing crimes against unarmed civilians.

3. Integration of elements of the Sudan Liberation Army in public life:

a) Elements of the Sudan Liberation Army willing to continue in the military shall be incorporated in the Sudanese Army.

Their ranks and benefits shall be determined in accordance with the responsibilities they occupied in the rebellion;

b) Political cadres of the Sudan Liberation Army shall be incorporated in the management of public affairs;

c) Civil servants who joined the rebellion shall be enabled to reintegrated their original posts and to enjoy the same benefits as their colleagues.

d) Civilian and military elements unwilling to join the military profession shall receive compensations so as to reintegrate public life.

4. Guarantee of the freedom of movement of people and possessions.

5. The authorisation, guaranteeing and facilitation [of the movement] of national and international relief agencies to reach affected areas.

6. The Government of Sudan undertakes to prepare an urgent program aimed at the reconstruction and social and economic development in Darfur with the participation of its development partners.

7. Renewal of confidence in the Tripartite Commission to oversee this agreement.

8. In the event of disagreement or violation by one party of the clauses of this agreement the other party shall refer to the mediator.

9. This agreement shall enter into force upon its signature.

10. This agreement is issued in French and Arabic and each version has the same legal power.