Agreement for Lasting Peace through the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities Between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)
- Country/entityEthiopia
Tigray - RegionAfrica (excl MENA)
Africa (excl MENA) - Agreement nameAgreement for Lasting Peace through the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities Between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)
- Date2 Nov 2022
- Agreement statusMultiparty signed/agreed
- Interim arrangementYes
- Agreement/conflict levelIntrastate/intrastate conflict ()
- StageCeasefire/related
- Conflict natureGovernment/territory
- Peace processEthiopia: Tigray process
- PartiesFor the Government of the FDRE
(Illegible Signature)
For the Tigrays People's Liberation Front
(Illegible Signature) - Third partiesHis Excellency Moussa Faki Mahamat,
Chairperson African Union Commission
His Excellency Olusegun Obasanjo,
former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and AU High Representatives for the Horn of Africa
His Exellency Uhuru Kenyatta,
former President of the Republic of Kenya (Panel Member)
Her Excellency Dr. Phunzile Mlambo-Ngeuka,
former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa (Panel Member) - DescriptionCessation of hostilities agreement which addresses DDR, protection of civilians, gender based violence and access.
Groups
- Children/youthGroups→Children/youth→SubstantivePage 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.
Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect; - Disabled persons
No specific mention.
- Elderly/ageGroups→Elderly/age→SubstantivePage 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.
Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect; - Migrant workers
No specific mention.
- Racial/ethnic/national group
No specific mention.
- Religious groups
No specific mention.
- Indigenous people
No specific mention.
- Other groups
No specific mention.
- Refugees/displaced personsGroups→Refugees/displaced persons→RhetoricalPage 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
3) The Government of FDRE undertakes to facilitate the return and reintegration of internal displaced persons and refugees, whenever the security situation permits. - Social class
No specific mention.
Gender
- Women, girls and genderPage 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.
Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect; - Men and boys
No specific mention.
- LGBTI
No specific mention.
- FamilyPage 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.
Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
2) The Parties undertake to cooperate among themselves and with the relevant humanitarian agencies to assist in reuniting families;
State definition
- Nature of state (general)Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
1) Respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE);
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.
Page 6-7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
2) The ENDF shall safeguard sovereignty, integrity, and security of the country from foreign incursion and ensure that there will be no provocation or incursion from either side of the border. - State configuration
No specific mention.
- Self determination
No specific mention.
- Referendum
No specific mention.
- State symbols
No specific mention.
- Independence/secession
No specific mention.
- Accession/unification
No specific mention.
- Border delimitation
No specific mention.
- Cross-border provisionPage 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.
Governance
- Political institutions (new or reformed)Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General referencesPage 7, Article 9 — Restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region and representation in federal institutions
1) The Parties agree on the restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region, including control of federal institutions and agencies.
2) The Federal Government shall ensure and facilitate the representation of the Tigray region in the federal institutions, including the House of Federation, and House of Peoples' Representatives, in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and applicable laws.Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutionsPage 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
1. Within a week of the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) and until elections for the Regional Council and the House of Peoples’ Representatives are held under the supervision of the Ethiopian National Election Board, the establishment of an Interim Regional Administration will be settled through political dialogue between the Parties;
2. A week after the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) the Parties shall start a political dialogue to find lasting solutions to the underlying political differences between them;
...
4. The Parties commit to resolving issues of contested areas in accordance with the Constitution Of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia. - ElectionsPage 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
1. Within a week of the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) and until elections for the Regional Council and the House of Peoples’ Representatives are held under the supervision of the Ethiopian National Election Board, the establishment of an Interim Regional Administration will be settled through political dialogue between the Parties; - Electoral commission
No specific mention.
- Political parties reform
No specific mention.
- Civil societyPage 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process. - Traditional/religious leaders
No specific mention.
- Public administration
No specific mention.
- ConstitutionGovernance→Constitution→Constitution affirmation/renewalPage 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
2) Restore the constitutional order disrupted due to the conflict in the Tigray Region;
Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
b) Legality and respect for constitutional norms and principles enshrined in the FDRE Constitution;
Power sharing
- Political power sharing
No specific mention.
- Territorial power sharingPower sharing→Territorial power sharing→Federal or similar sub-divided governmentPage 7, Article 9 — Restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region and representation in federal institutions
1) The Parties agree on the restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region, including control of federal institutions and agencies.
2) The Federal Government shall ensure and facilitate the representation of the Tigray region in the federal institutions, including the House of Federation, and House of Peoples' Representatives, in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and applicable laws. - Economic power sharing
No specific mention.
- Military power sharing
No specific mention.
Human rights and equality
- Human rights/RoL generalPage 2, Preamble
...Mindful of the desire of the people of Ethiopia to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive democratic society based on justice, equality, respect for human rights, and the rule of law;
Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
c. Respect for fundamental human rights and democratic norms and principles; - Bill of rights/similar
No specific mention.
- Treaty incorporationPage 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
Respect for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance;
Accountability and justice in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and the AU Transitional Justice Policy Framework;
Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
1) The Parties shall protect the human rights of the civilian population and commit to upholding applicable international humanitarian law instruments to which Ethiopia is a party;
Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process. - Civil and political rights
No specific mention.
- Socio-economic rights
No specific mention.
Rights related issues
- Citizenship
No specific mention.
- DemocracyPage 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
Respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE);
...c. Respect for fundamental human rights and democratic norms and principles;
...e. Respect for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance; - Detention procedures
No specific mention.
- Media and communicationRights related issues→Media and communication→OtherPage 4, Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
3. The Permanent Cessation of hostilities lies shall include the cessation of all forms of hostile propaganda, rhetoric, and hate speech: - Mobility/accessPage 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
g. Unhindered humanitarian access to all in need of assistance;
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
d) Mobilize and expedite humanitarian assistance for all those in need in the Tigray Region and other affected areas, and ensure unhindered humanitarian access. - Protection measuresRights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civiliansPage 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
d. Protection of civilians;
Page 4, Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
1) The Parties shall protect the human rights of the civilian population and commit to upholding applicable international humanitarian law instruments to which Ethiopia is a party;
2) The Parties shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification. - Other
No specific mention.
Rights institutions
- NHRI
No specific mention.
- Regional or international human rights institutions
No specific mention.
Justice sector reform
- Criminal justice and emergency law
No specific mention.
- State of emergency provisions
No specific mention.
- Judiciary and courts
No specific mention.
- Prisons and detention
No specific mention.
- Traditional Laws
No specific mention.
Socio-economic reconstruction
- Development or socio-economic reconstructionSocio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistancePage 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
g. Unhindered humanitarian access to all in need of assistance;
h. The use of humanitarian aid exclusively for humanitarian purposes.
...
j. Relief and Reconstruction;
Page 5, Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaboration with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly; The Parties shall cooperate to this effect;
2) The Parties undertake to cooperate among themselves and with the relevant humanitarian agencies to assist in reuniting families;
3) The Government of FDRE undertakes to facilitate the return and reintegration of internal displaced persons and refugees, whenever the security situation permits.
4) The Parties shall ensure the humanitarian aid is only used for humanitarian purposes.
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
d) Mobilize and expedite humanitarian assistance for all those in need in the Tigray Region and other affected areas, and ensure unhindered humanitarian access.Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstructionPage 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
9) Facilitate economic recovery and reconstruction;
Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
j. Relief and Reconstruction;
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
b) Expedite and coordinate the restoration of essential services in the Tigray region within agreed timeframes;
Page 7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
3) The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region. - National economic plan
No specific mention.
- Natural resources
No specific mention.
- International funds
No specific mention.
- Business
No specific mention.
- Taxation
No specific mention.
- Banks
No specific mention.
Land, property and environment
- Land reform/rights
No specific mention.
- Pastoralist/nomadism rights
No specific mention.
- Cultural heritage
No specific mention.
- Environment
No specific mention.
- Water or riparian rights or access
No specific mention.
Security sector
- Security GuaranteesPage 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
4) Guarantee security for all;
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
b) Refrain from aiding and abetting, supporting, or collaborating with any armed or subversive group in any part of the country.
...
d) Refrain from conscription, training, deployment, mobilization, or preparation for conflict and hostilities.
...
f) Cease all attempts of bringing about an unconstitutional change of government.
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants; - CeasefireSecurity sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provisionPage 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
1) Reach an immediate and Permanent Cessation of Hostilities with a view to silencing the Guns and creating a conducive environment and laying the foundation for sustainable peace;
Page 4, Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
1. The Parties commit and declare an immediate and Permanant Cessastion of Hostilities, and undertake to disengage forces or armed groups under their control;
2. This Permanent Cessation of all forms of hostilities shall include, among others: the cessation of overt and covert acts of violence; laying of mines; sabotage; airstrikes; direct or indirect ads of violence; and subversion or use of proxies to destabilize the other party or collusion with any external force hostile to either party;
3. The Permanent Cessation of hostilities lies shall include the cessation of all forms of hostile propaganda, rhetoric, and hate speech:
4. The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities shall pave the way for the restoration of the constitutional order in the Tigray Region and political dialogue between the Parties:
5. The Parties agree to restore the presence of federal authority in Mekelle in order to create a conducive environment for the resumption of public services in the region us well as to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the city. To this effect, the Parties agree that the ENDF and other relevant Federal Institutions shall have an expeditious, smooth, peaceful, and coordinated entry into Mckelle, which shall be facilitated through the open communication channel to he established between the senior commanders of the Parties as per Article 6 (c) of this Agreement.
Page 7-8, Article 11 — Monitoring, Verification, and Compliance
1) The Parties agree to institute a monitoring, verification, and compliance mechanism for the effective implementation of the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities. For this purpose, the
Parties agree to establish a Joint Committee comprising a representative from each party a representative from IGAD and chaired by the African Union through the High-Level Panel. The Joint Committee shall be assisted by a team of African Experts;
2) The AU, through the High-LeveI Panel, shall appoint a team of African experts to monitor the implementation of the permanent cessation of hostilities agreed upon under Article 3 of this Agreement. The Parties shall appoint one expert each to work with the team of African Experts:
3) The AU, through the High-Level Panel shall consult with the Parties regarding the terms of reference and the profile of the Experts.
4) The specific functions of the experts, including those with a military background, shall be agreed upon between the Parties and the AU, through the High-Level Panel;
5) The number of experts shall not exceed ten (10). If additional experts are needed. This shall be agreed upon with the Parties;
6) The duration of the mandate of the experts shall be six months from the date the experts are deployed. This period could be extended upon agreement with the Parties;
7) The AU, through the High-Level Panel may, in agreement with the Parties. Augment the work of the experts with satellite imagery;
8) Whenever the team of experts finds instances of violation of the cessation of hostilities, they will inform the concerned party to take immediate measures to rectify the violation;
9) They will also inform the other party and Joint Committee of any communication under the preceding sub-article. If the violation is not rectified within 24 hours, the AU, through the High-Level Panel will convene the Joint Committee to resolve the problem.Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitmentsPage 2, Preamble
...Convinced of the need to agree upon the terms for the permanent cessation of hostilities and modalities for the peaceful settlement of all political differences and disputes; - PolicePage 6-7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
...
3) The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region. - Armed forcesPage 4, Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
5. The Parties agree to restore the presence of federal authority in Mekelle in order to create a conducive environment for the resumption of public services in the region us well as to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the city. To this effect, the Parties agree that the ENDF and other relevant Federal Institutions shall have an expeditious, smooth, peaceful, and coordinated entry into Mckelle, which shall be facilitated through the open communication channel to he established between the senior commanders of the Parties as per Article 6 (c) of this Agreement.
Page 5, Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
The Parties:
a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
...
c) Respect the constitutional mandate of the Federal Government to deploy the Ethiopian National Defence Force as well as federal security and law enforcement agencies to discharge their responsibilities under the Constitution, relevant laws, and regulations.
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants;
Page 6-7, Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
1) The ENDF shall be deployed along the international boundaries of Ethiopia.
2) The ENDF shall safeguard sovereignty, integrity, and security of the country from foreign incursion and ensure that there will be no provocation or incursion from either side of the border.
3) The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region. - DDRSecurity sector→DDR→DDR programmesPage 5, Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
The Parties:
a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;
b. Shall design and implement a comprehensive DDR program for TPLF combatants consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
c. Agree that within 24 hours of the signing of this Agreement, an open channel of communication between senior commanders of both sides will be established;
d. Agree to organize a meeting of senior commanders within 5 days from the signing of this Agreement to discuss and work out detailed modalities for disarmament for the TPLF combatants, taking into account the security situation on the ground;
e. Agree to undertake the disarmament of the heavy armaments of the TPLF combatants as a matter of priority based on a detailed schedule to be agreed upon between the senior commanders of the Parties. The disarmament activities in the schedule should be completed within ten days from the conclusion of the meeting of senior commanders. The ten-day period could be extended based on the recommendation of the senior commanders, to be endorsed by the parties.
f. Agree to finalize the overall disarmament of the TPLF, including light weapons, within 30 days from the signing of this Agreement;
g. Agree that the demobilization and reintegration plan will take into account the Region's law-and-order needs. - Intelligence services
No specific mention.
- Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forcesPage 5, Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
The Parties:
a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;
b. Shall design and implement a comprehensive DDR program for TPLF combatants consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
c. Agree that within 24 hours of the signing of this Agreement, an open channel of communication between senior commanders of both sides will be established;
d. Agree to organize a meeting of senior commanders within 5 days from the signing of this Agreement to discuss and work out detailed modalities for disarmament for the TPLF combatants, taking into account the security situation on the ground;
e. Agree to undertake the disarmament of the heavy armaments of the TPLF combatants as a matter of priority based on a detailed schedule to be agreed upon between the senior commanders of the Parties. The disarmament activities in the schedule should be completed within ten days from the conclusion of the meeting of senior commanders. The ten-day period could be extended based on the recommendation of the senior commanders, to be endorsed by the parties.
f. Agree to finalize the overall disarmament of the TPLF, including light weapons, within 30 days from the signing of this Agreement;
g. Agree that the demobilization and reintegration plan will take into account the Region's law-and-order needs.
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
a) Respect the constitutional authority of the Federal Government, all constitutional bodies and organs of the Federal Government, including but not limited to the authority of the Federal Government to control all federal facilities, institutions, and the international boundaries of the country.
b) Refrain from aiding and abetting, supporting, or collaborating with any armed or subversive group in any part of the country.
c) Respect the constitutional mandate of the Federal Government to deploy the Ethiopian National Defence Force as well as federal security and law enforcement agencies to discharge their responsibilities under the Constitution, relevant laws, and regulations.
d) Refrain from conscription, training, deployment, mobilization, or preparation for conflict and hostilities.
e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.
f) Cease all attempts of bringing about an unconstitutional change of government.
Page 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants;
...
c) Facilitate the lifting of the terrorist designation of the TPLF by the House of Peoples' Representatives; - Withdrawal of foreign forces
No specific mention.
- Corruption
No specific mention.
- Crime/organised crime
No specific mention.
- Drugs
No specific mention.
- TerrorismPage 6, Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
...
c) Facilitate the lifting of the terrorist designation of the TPLF by the House of Peoples' Representatives;
Transitional justice
- Transitional justice general
No specific mention.
- Amnesty/pardon
No specific mention.
- Courts
No specific mention.
- MechanismPage 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
6) Provide a framework for addressing matters arising out of the conflict;
7) Provide a framework to ensure accountability for matters arising out of the conflict;
Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
f. Accountability and justice in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and the AU Transitional Justice Policy Framework;
Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process. - Prisoner release
No specific mention.
- Vetting
No specific mention.
- VictimsPage 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process. - Missing persons
No specific mention.
- Reparations
No specific mention.
- ReconciliationPage 3, Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
...
8) Foster reconciliation and the rehabilitation of social bonds;
Page 3, Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
...
i. Reconciliation and rehabilitation;
Page 7, Article 10 — Transitional Measures
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth, redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework. The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal national policy-making process.
Implementation
- UN signatory
No specific mention.
- Other international signatoryHis Excellency Moussa Faki Mahamat,
Chairperson African Union Commission
His Excellency Olusegun Obasanjo,
former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and AU High Representatives for the Horn of Africa
His Exellency Uhuru Kenyatta,
former President of the Republic of Kenya (Panel Member)
Her Excellency Dr. Phunzile Mlambo-Ngeuka,
former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa (Panel Member) - Referendum for agreement
No specific mention.
- International mission/force/similar
No specific mention.
- Enforcement mechanism
No specific mention.
- Related cases
No specific mention.
- Sourcehttps://borkena.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Ethiopia-Peace-Agreement-Full-Text.pdf
AGREEMENT FOR LASTING PEACE THROUGH A PERMANENT CESSATION
OF HOSTILITIES
BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
ETHIOPIA AND THE TIGRAY PEOPLE'S LIBERATION FRONT (TPLF)
PREAMBLE
Agreeing to peacefully resolve the violent conflict that erupted on November 3, 2020, in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia in a manner consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Recognizing the destructive consequence of the conflict between the two Parties on human lives and livelihoods;
Affirming that political problems can only be sustainably resolved through political means;
Reiterating the Parties' commitment to the African Union's Agenda of Silencing the Guns by 2030, consistent with the spirit of 'African solutions to African problems;
Resolved to find a lasting and comprehensive solution to the conflict;
including restoration of constitutional order in the Tigray region;
Convinced of the need to agree upon the terms for the permanent cessation of hostilities and modalities for the peaceful settlement of all political differences and disputes;
Determined to seek a peaceful and lasting solution to the crisis within a framework of the permanent cessation of hostilities where a monitoring and verification mechanism shall be put in place to monitor compliance;
Recognising the efforts to bring a peaceful resolution to the crisis by the African Union, the African Union High-Level Panel led by His Excellency former President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, supported by His Excellency former President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya, and Her Excellency Dr. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, former Deputy President of South Africa, as well as the Republic of South Africa for graciously hosting the Peace Talks, and the observers for their support;
Mindful of the desire of the people of Ethiopia to live in peace and dignity in an inclusive democratic society based on justice, equality, respect for hu an rights, and the rule of law;
The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (the Government) and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (the TPLF) (together referred to as the Parties) agree to the following terms;
Article I — Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to:
Reach an immediate and Permanent Cessation of Hostilities with a view to silencing the Guns and creating a conducive environment and laying the foundation for sustainable peace;
Restore the constitutional order disrupted due to the conflict in the Tigray Region;
Reject violence as a method of resolving political differences;
Guarantee security for all;
Ensure a lasting settlement of the conflict;
Provide a framework for addressing matters arising out of the conflict;
Provide a framework to ensure accountability for matters arising out of the conflict;
Foster reconciliation and the rehabilitation of social bonds;
Facilitate economic recovery and reconstruction;
Commit to addressing the underlying political differences;
Provide a framework for monitoring and verification of the implementation of the Agreement.
Article 2 — Principles Underpinning the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties shall be guided by the following principles:
Respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE);
Legality and respect for constitutional norms and principles enshrined in the FDRE
Constitution;
Respect for fundamental human rights and democratic norms and principles;
Protection of civilians;
Respect for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance;
Accountability and justice in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and the AU
Transitional Justice Policy Framework;
Unhindered humanitarian access to all in need of assistance;
The use of humanitarian aid exclusively for humanitarian purposes.
Reconciliation and rehabilitation;
Relief and Reconstruction;
Good faith commitment in the implementation oldie Cessation of Hostilities and all subsequent stages of the peaceArticle 3 -
Article 3 - The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities
The Parties commit and declare an immediate and Permanant Cessastion of Hostilities, and undertake to disengage forces or armed groups under their control;
This Permanent Cessation of all forms of hostilities shall include, among others:
the cessation of overt and covert acts of violence;
laying of mines;
sabotage;
airstrikes;
direct or indirect ads of violence;
and subversion or use of proxies to destabilize the other party or collusion with any external force hostile to either party;
The Permanent Cessation of hostilities lies shall include the cessation of all forms of hostile propaganda, rhetoric, and hate speech:
The Permanent Cessation of Hostilities shall pave the way for the restoration of the constitutional order in the Tigray Region and political dialogue between the Parties:
The Parties agree to restore the presence of federal authority in Mekelle in order to create a conducive environment for the resumption of public services in the region us well as to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the city.
To this effect, the Parties agree that the ENDF and other relevant Federal Institutions shall have on expeditious.
smooth.
peaceful, and coordinated entry into Mckelle, which shall be facilitated through the open communication channel to he established between the senior commanders of the Parties as per Article 6 (c) of this Agreement.
Article 4 - Protection of Civilians
I) The Parties shall protect the human rights of the civilian population and commit to upholding applicable international humanitarian law instruments to which Ethiopia is a party;
2) The Partys shall, in particular, condemn any act of sexual and gender-based violence, any net of violence against children, girls, women and the elderly, including recruitment and conscription of child soldiers, and support family reunification.
Article 5 — Humanitarian Access
1) The Government of FDRE shall expedite the provision of humanitarian aid in collaberation with humanitarian agencies taking into account the specific needs of vulnerable groups including women, children and the elderly;
The Panics shall cooperate to this effect;
2) The Parties undertake to cooperate among themselves and with the relevant humanitarian agencies to assist in reuniting families;
3) The Goverment of' FDRE understakes to facilitate the return and reintegration of internall displaced persons and refugees, whenever the security situation permits.
4) The Parties shall ensure the humanitarian aid is only used for humanitarian purposes.
Article 6 — Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
The Parties:
a. Agree and recognize that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has only one defence force;
b. Shall design and implement a comprehensive DDR program for TPLF combatants consistent with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
c. Agree that within 24 hours of the signing of this Agreement, an open channel of communication between senior commanders of both sides will be established;
d. Agree to organize a meeting of senior commanders within 5 days from the signing of this Agreement to discuss and work out detailed modalities for disarmament for the TPLF combatants, taking into account the security situation on the ground;
e. Agree to undertake the disarmament of the heavy armaments of the TPLF combatants as a matter of priority based on a detailed schedule to be agreed upon between the senior commanders of the Parties.
The disarmament activities in the schedule should be completed within ten days from the conclusion of the meeting of senior commanders.
The ten-day period could be extended based on the recommendation of the senior commanders, to be endorsed by the parties.
f. Agree to finalize the overall disarmament of the TPLF, including light weapons, within 30 days from the signing of this Agreement;
g. Agree that the demobilization and reintegration plan will take into account the Region's law-and-order needs.
Article 7 — Confidence-building measures
1) The TPLF shall:
a) Respect the constitutional authority of the Federal Government, all constitutional bodies and organs of the Federal Government, including but not limited to the authority of the Federal Government to control all federal facilities, institutions, and the international boundaries of the country.
b) Refrain from aiding and abetting, supporting, or collaborating with any armed or subversive group in any part of the country.
c) Respect the constitutional mandate of the Federal Government to deploy the Ethiopian National Defence Force as well as federal security and law enforcement agencies to discharge their responsibilities under the Constitution, relevant laws, and regulations.
d) Refrain from conscription, training, deployment, mobilization, or preparation for conflict and hostilities.
e) Halt any conduct that undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia, including unconstitutional correspondence and relations with foreign powers.
f) Cease all attempts of bringing about an unconstitutional change of government.
2) The Government of the FDRE shall:
a) Halt military operations targeting the TPLF combatants;
b) Expedite and coordinate the restoration of essential services in the Tigray region within agreed timeframes;
c) Facilitate the lifting of the terrorist designation of the TPLF by the House of Peoples' Representatives;
d) Mobilize and expedite humanitarian assistance for all those in need in the Tigray Region and other affected areas, and ensure unhindered humanitarian access.
Article 8 — International Boundaries and Federal Facilities
The ENDF shall be deployed along the international boundaries of Ethiopia.
The ENDF shall safeguard sovereignty, integrity, and security of the country from foreign incursion and ensure that there will be no provocation or incursion from either side of the border.
The ENDF, Federal Police, and other federal security organs shall take full and effective control of national airspace, aviation safety and security, and all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as ports and highways within the Tigray Region.
Article 9 — Restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region and representation in federal institutions
The Parties agree on the restoration of Federal Authority in the Tigray Region, including control of federal institutions and agencies.
The Federal Government shall ensure and facilitate the represenation of the tigray region in the federal institutions, including the House of Federation, and House of Peoples' Representatives, in accordance with the FDRE Constitution and application law
Article 10 — Transitional Measures
1. Within a week of the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) and until elections for the Regional Council and the House of Peoples’ Representatives are held under the supervision of the Ethiopian National Election Board, the establishment of an Interim Regional
Administration will bw settled through political dialogue between the Parties;
2. A week after the implementation of Article 7 (2) (c) the Parties shall start a political dialogue to find lasting solutions to the underlying political differences between them;
3. The Government of Ethiopia shall implement a comprehensive national transitional justice policy aimed at accountability, ascertaining the truth.
redress for victims, reconciliation, and healing, consistent with the Constitution of FDRE and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy Framework.
The transitional justice policy shall be developed with inputs from all stakeholders, and civil society groups through public consultations and formal
national policy-making process.
4. The Parties commit to resolving issues of contested areas in accordance with the Constitution Of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia.
Article 11 — Monitoring, Verification, and Compliance
1) The Parties agree to institute a monitoring, verification, and compliance mechanism for the effective implementation of the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities.
For this purpose, the
Parties agree to establish a Joint Committee comprising a representative from each party a representative from IGAD and chaired by the African Union through the High-Level Panel.
The Joint Committee shall be assisted by a team of African Experts;
2) The AU, through the High-LeveI Panel, shall appoint a team of African experts to monitor the implementation of the permanent cessation of hostilities agreed upon under Article 3 of this Agreement.
The Parties shall appoint one expert each to work with the team of African Experts:
3) The AU, through the High-Level Panel shall consult with the Parties regarding the terms of reference and the profile of the Experts.
4) The specific functions of the experts, including those with a military background, shall be agreed upon between the Parties and the AU, through the High-Level Panel;
5) The number of experts shall not exceed ten (10).
If additional experts are needed.
This shall be agreed upon with the Parties;
6) The duration of the mandate of the experts shall be six months from the date the experts are deployed.
This period could be extended upon agreement with the Parties;
7) The AU, through the High-Level Panel may, in agreement with the Parties.
Augment the work of the experts with satellite imagery;
8) Whenever the team of experts finds instances of violation of the cessation of hostilities, they will inform the concerned party to take immediate measures to rectify the violation;
9) They will also inform the other party and Joint Committee of any communication under the preceding sub-article.
If the violation is not rectified within 24 hours, the AU, through the High-Level Panel will convene the Joint Committee to resolve the problem.
Article 12 — Good Faith Implementation
1) The Parties undertake to implement this Agreement in good faith and to refrain from any action that undermines is inconsistent with the spirit letter of this Cessation of Hostilities;
2) The Parties shall promote the objectives of the Cessation of Hostilities.
Article 13 — Joint Statement and communications
1) The Parties shall issue a joint statement on the importance of this Agreement and their joint commitment to work towards peace and stability of the country;
2) The Parties commit not to make any unilateral statement, in any form, that could undermine this Agreement;
3) All public statements, in any form, by the Parties, shall support the Agreement and prepare the ground for implementation.
Article 14 - Effective Date
The Agreement shall come into effect at 00:00 hours, East Africa Time (EAT) on 3rd November 2022.
Article 15 - Amendments to this Agreement
This Agreement may be amended by mutual consent of the Parties, which shall be in writing and signed by the Parties.
Done at Pretoria, the Republic of South Africa on 2nd November 2022.
For the Government of the FDRE
(Illegible Signature)
For the Tigrays People's Liberation Front
(Illegible Signature)
His Excellency Moussa Faki Mahamat,
Chairperson African Union Commission
His Excellency Olusegun Obasanjo,
former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and AU High Representatives for the Horn of Africa
His Exellency Uhuru Kenyatta,
former President of the Republic of Kenya (Panel Member)
His Excellency Dr. Phunzile Mlambo-Ngeuka,
former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa (Panel Member)